History of mastectomy before and after Halsted.

The operation described by Halsted, in 1894 and called radical mastectomy, represents a milestone in the treatment of breast cancer. It consisted of removal of the breast, muscles and axillary lymph nodes. The pre-Halsted era saw attitudes ranging from the willful abstention to brutal treatments by cauterization or amputation. The introduction of anesthesia and asepsis enabled more advanced surgical attempts. The stratification of patients into operable and nonoperable categories has improved surgical outcome. After attempts to extend Halsted procedure (by extended or super-radical mastectomies) proved to be of little benefit, a minimally-invasive trend emerged gradually. It started with modified radical mastectomy that spares the muscles and was then followed by breast conservative surgery that leaves breast tissue behind. Then sentinel lymph node mapping was introduced with the hope of reducing the extent of axillary dissection. Finally, skin sparing mastectomy appeared in order to conserve skin and facilitate breast reconstruction.