MAPK cascade signalling networks in plant defence.

The sensing of stress signals and their transduction into appropriate responses is crucial for the adaptation and survival of plants. Kinase cascades of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) class play a remarkably important role in plant signalling of a variety of abiotic and biotic stresses. MAPK cascade-mediated signalling is an essential step in the establishment of resistance to pathogens. Here, we describe the most recent insights into MAPK-mediated pathogen defence response regulation with a particular focus on the cascades involving MPK3, MPK4 and MPK6. We also discuss the strategies developed by plant pathogens to circumvent, inactivate or even 'hijack' MAPK-mediated defence responses.