Advances in mobilization for the optimization of autologous stem cell transplantation.

In autologous stem cell transplantation, mobilized peripheral blood has replaced the bone marrow as the preferred source of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs). Because HSCs normally exist in the blood in very low numbers, the use of agents to "mobilize" HSCs from the marrow niche to the peripheral blood is essential for successful transplantation. Until recently, granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor were the only approved agents by the US Food and Drug Administration for use as peripheral blood stem cell (PBSC)-mobilizing agents in the United States, but G-CSF has become the gold standard. Unfortunately, some patients fail to mobilize sufficient numbers of PBSCs for transplantation in response to G-CSF with or without chemotherapy. Recently, a new agent, plerixafor (AMD3100) added to G-CSF has been approved to enhance PBSC mobilization. This review will discuss the current methodologies to improve hematopoietic stem cell mobilization.