The hexosamine biosynthesis pathway is essential for pancreatic beta cell development.

Pancreatic exocrine and endocrine cells develop during embryonic life from endodermal progenitors. This process depends on activation of a hierarchy of transcription factors. Although information is available regarding the mesodermal signals controlling pancreas development, little is known about the role of environmental factors such as nutrients, including glucose, that also may impact development. Previously, we showed that glucose plays an important and specific role in beta cell development by activating the transition of Neurogenin3-positive endocrine progenitors into beta cells. Here, we examined the implication of glucose metabolism and more precisely the role of the hexosamine biosynthesis pathway (HBP) to understand the mechanisms by which glucose regulates beta cell development. We have established an in vitro model of endocrine and exocrine cells development from embryonic day 13.5 rat pancreases in a manner that replicates in vivo pancreas development perfectly. Using this model, we tested the effect of selective inhibitors and activators of the HBP and found that the HBP has a modest effect on cell proliferation and exocrine cell differentiation. On the other hand, beta cell development is tightly controlled by the HBP. Specifically, HBP activators increase beta cell development, whereas inhibitors repress such development. Importantly, both the HBP and glucose control the same steps in beta cell development.