Emergence of drug resistance in India.

Chloroquine resistance in Plasmodium malaria is an emerging problem globally. In India resistance of Plasmodium falciparum to choloroquine, the cheapest and the most used drug was first reported in the year 1973 from Diphu of Karbi-Anglong district in Assam state. Systematic monitoring of drug resistance is being undertaken in the country from 1978 by the Directorate of National Vector Borne Disease Control Programme (NVBDCP) through its 13 Pf monitoring teams. The findings of these drug resistance studies has helped the programme for the revision of the drug policy and update it from time to time thereby facilitating appropriate measures for not only individual cases but also to contain and prevent further spread of resistant foci. This article summarises therapeutic efficacy studies conducted by the Pf monitoring teams in the country between 2001 and 2007 related to efficacy of chloroquine and other antimalarials drugs. As per the results available, the efficacy of chloroquine for treating uncomplicated falciparum at most of the study sites is much lower than the desired cut off levels of 10% (83% studies have shown treatment failure more than 10%). Total of 4273, 168 and 137 P. falciparum cases have been tested against chloroquine, sulphadoxine/pyrimethamine and ACT(AS+SP) combination. During the period under report, 85 new chloroquine resistant PHCs/foci from 64 districts were qualified warranting change of drug policy as per the national guidelines. These studies show that chloroquine resistance in P. falciparum is widespread in the country. To combat the drug resistant in malaria, the use of combination therapy ie, artesunate plus sulfadoxine/pyrimethamine has been recommended for treatment of all confirmed P. falciparum cases in all the qualified areas as per the criteria laid down in National Drug Policy on malaria.