Explicit and implicit horizons for simulated landing approaches.

In a flight simulator experienced pilots flew landing approaches to a representation of an airport scene in which various sources of information had been distorted or removed. Reasonably accurate approaches could be made to a scene that contained only an aimpoint and a horizon. The addition of a runway outline did not enhance accuracy or stability, which lent credence to the hypothesis that the invariant angle between horizon and aimpoint can support glide slope control. Explicit distortion of this angle by simulation of up-sloping or down-sloping terrain beyond the runway had predictable effects on glide slope control. Implicit specification of a veridical horizon with texture lines parallel to the runway centerline weakened the effect of distortions in the explicit horizon. Thus both explicit and implicit specifications of the horizon contribute to perception of the glide slope angle. Implications of these results for the design of visual scenes for flight simulation are discussed.