Proliferation and differentiation of glial and neuronal progenitors in the development of human spinal ganglia.

Development and differentiation of the spinal ganglia were investigated in 10 human embryos and foetuses, ranging in age between 5th and 10th developmental weeks. The aim of the study was to estimate the spatial and temporal appearance, percentage and duration of proliferation process among neural crest cells and differentiating glial cells and neurons. The process of proliferation and differentiation of cell lineages from neural crest to neurons or glial cell was analysed using immunohistochemical and immunofluorescence methods in paraffin sections. Quantification of reacting cells was performed by counting the ratio of cells stained or double-stained to specific antibodies in the number of total cell population. Data were expressed as mean+/-SD, while the difference between dorsal and ventral parts of the spinal ganglia were analysed by the Mann-Whitney test. The Ki-67 proliferation marker had the strongest expression in the 5th and 6th developmental weeks (42% of positive cells), showing also significantly higher proliferation rate in the dorsal parts of the spinal ganglia than in the ventral parts (Mann-Whitney, p=0.003). During further development, the number of proliferating cells subsequently decreased to 32% in the foetal period. A majority of the proliferating cells expressed neural crest marker nestin (71.5%) or glial cell marker S100 protein (17%). Neurons (stained with PGP9.5 marker) showed no signs of proliferation. Some cells co-expressed both neural crest cells and glial cell markers. Our results indicate the highest proliferation activity of the progenitor neural crest cells, which slightly decreased with progression of spinal ganglia differentiation. On the contrary, glial cells displayed increasing proliferation activity at later developmental stages, thus conforming significance of gliogenesis during human spinal ganglia development. Although neurogenesis was not found during the investigated period, we could not exclude the possibility of neuronal differentiation from neural crest cells, or even immature glial cells. 2009 International Society of Differentiation. Published by Elsevier Ltd.