OBJECTIVE: Hemoglobin and its catabolic products have been associated with amniotic fluid (AF) discoloration and intra-amniotic infection/inflammation (IAI). However, the origin of AF hemoglobin (maternal or fetal) has not been determined. The aims of this study were to determine if fetal hemoglobin can be detected in AF obtained from normal pregnancies, and whether there is an association between AF fetal hemoglobin concentrations and gestational age, spontaneous labor (term and preterm), preterm prelabor rupture of membranes (PPROM) and IAI. STUDY DESIGN: This cross-sectional study included pregnant women in the following groups: (1) mid-trimester (n = 60); (2) term not in labor (n = 21); (3) term in labor (n = 47); (4) spontaneous preterm labor with intact membranes (PTL) without IAI who delivered at term (n = 89); (5) PTL without IAI who delivered preterm (n = 74); (6) PTL with IAI (n = 78); (7) PPROM with (n = 48) and (8) without IAI (n = 48). AF fetal hemoglobin concentrations were determined by ELISA. Non-parametric statistics were used for analyses. RESULTS: (1) Fetal hemoglobin was detected in 80.4% of all AF samples; (2) women at term not in labor had a higher median AF fetal hemoglobin concentration than those at mid-trimester (p = 0.008); (3) labor at term was not associated with a significant difference in the median AF fetal hemoglobin concentration; (4) the median AF fetal hemoglobin concentration was not significantly different among the three PTL groups or between the PPROM groups; (5) women with PTL and IAI had a lower AF fetal hemoglobin percentage of the total hemoglobin than those without IAI who delivered preterm (p = 0.03) or at term (p < 0.001); (6) The median AF fetal hemoglobin concentration was higher in pregnancies complicated with PTL or PPROM than in women at term (p < 0.001 for all comparison). CONCLUSIONS: (1) The concentration of immunoreactive AF fetal hemoglobin increases with gestational age; (2) the median AF fetal hemoglobin concentration is higher in pregnancies complicated with PTL or PPROM than in term pregnancies; (3) among women with PTL or PPROM, the AF fetal hemoglobin concentrations were not associated with IAI; (4) however, women with PTL and IAI had a lower percentage of AF fetal hemoglobin of the total hemoglobin than those without IAI, suggesting different mechanisms of disease.
OBJECTIVE: Hemoglobin and its catabolic products have been associated with amniotic fluid (AF) discoloration and intra-amniotic infection/inflammation (IAI). However, the origin of AF hemoglobin (maternal or fetal) has not been determined. The aims of this study were to determine if fetal hemoglobin can be detected in AF obtained from normal pregnancies, and whether there is an association between AF fetal hemoglobin concentrations and gestational age, spontaneous labor (term and preterm), preterm prelabor rupture of membranes (PPROM) and IAI. STUDY DESIGN: This cross-sectional study included pregnant women in the following groups: (1) mid-trimester (n = 60); (2) term not in labor (n = 21); (3) term in labor (n = 47); (4) spontaneous preterm labor with intact membranes (PTL) without IAI who delivered at term (n = 89); (5) PTL without IAI who delivered preterm (n = 74); (6) PTL with IAI (n = 78); (7) PPROM with (n = 48) and (8) without IAI (n = 48). AF fetal hemoglobin concentrations were determined by ELISA. Non-parametric statistics were used for analyses. RESULTS: (1) Fetal hemoglobin was detected in 80.4% of all AF samples; (2) women at term not in labor had a higher median AF fetal hemoglobin concentration than those at mid-trimester (p = 0.008); (3) labor at term was not associated with a significant difference in the median AF fetal hemoglobin concentration; (4) the median AF fetal hemoglobin concentration was not significantly different among the three PTL groups or between the PPROM groups; (5) women with PTL and IAI had a lower AF fetal hemoglobin percentage of the total hemoglobin than those without IAI who delivered preterm (p = 0.03) or at term (p < 0.001); (6) The median AF fetal hemoglobin concentration was higher in pregnancies complicated with PTL or PPROM than in women at term (p < 0.001 for all comparison). CONCLUSIONS: (1) The concentration of immunoreactive AF fetal hemoglobin increases with gestational age; (2) the median AF fetal hemoglobin concentration is higher in pregnancies complicated with PTL or PPROM than in term pregnancies; (3) among women with PTL or PPROM, the AF fetal hemoglobin concentrations were not associated with IAI; (4) however, women with PTL and IAI had a lower percentage of AF fetal hemoglobin of the total hemoglobin than those without IAI, suggesting different mechanisms of disease.
Authors: R Romero; S Hanaoka; M Mazor; A P Athanassiadis; R Callahan; Y C Hsu; C Avila; J Nores; C Jimenez Journal: Am J Obstet Gynecol Date: 1991-03 Impact factor: 8.661
Authors: Roberto Romero; Shali Mazaki-Tovi; Edi Vaisbuch; Juan Pedro Kusanovic; Tinnakorn Chaiworapongsa; Ricardo Gomez; Jyh Kae Nien; Bo Hyun Yoon; Moshe Mazor; Jingqin Luo; David Banks; John Ryals; Chris Beecher Journal: J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med Date: 2010-05-26
Authors: Pooja Mittal; Roberto Romero; Adi L Tarca; Sorin Draghici; Chia-Ling Nhan-Chang; Tinnakorn Chaiworapongsa; John Hotra; Ricardo Gomez; Juan Pedro Kusanovic; Deug-Chan Lee; Chong Jai Kim; Sonia S Hassan Journal: Am J Obstet Gynecol Date: 2011-02 Impact factor: 8.661
Authors: Pooja Mittal; Roberto Romero; Adi L Tarca; Juan Gonzalez; Sorin Draghici; Yi Xu; Zhong Dong; Chia-Ling Nhan-Chang; Tinnakorn Chaiworapongsa; Stephen Lye; Juan Pedro Kusanovic; Leonard Lipovich; Shali Mazaki-Tovi; Sonia S Hassan; Sam Mesiano; Chong Jai Kim Journal: J Perinat Med Date: 2010-07-14 Impact factor: 1.901