Electroencephalographic responses of tramadol, parecoxib and morphine to acute noxious electrical stimulation in anaesthetised dogs.

This study compared the efficacy of different classes of analgesics in preventing the changes in electroencephalographic (EEG) indices of nociception in anaesthetised dogs, subjected to a standard electrical stimulus. In a crossover study, eight dogs received morphine (0.5mg/kg) or tramadol (3mg/kg) or parecoxib (1mg/kg) or 0.9% saline subcutaneously (SC) at the time of pre-anaesthetic medication. After induction with intravenous propofol, anaesthesia was maintained with halothane at a stable concentration between 0.85% and 0.95%. EEG was recorded in a three electrode montage, using SC needle electrodes, before and after electrical stimulation of dogs during anaesthesia. Post-stimulation median frequency (a reliable indicator of nociception) of the EEG increased significantly in tramadol, parecoxib and saline groups compared to that of morphine. Total EEG power decreased in all treatment groups following stimulation. These results indicate that the changes in EEG responses to noxious stimulation can be used for evaluating anti-nociceptive efficacy of analgesics. Copyright 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.