Low ambient o(2) enhances ureteric bud branching in vitro.

Hypoxia exists widely in developing embryos where it may regulate blood vessel formation. VEGF and FGF2 produced in developing renal primordia (metanephroi) stimulate microvessel formation from embryonic thoracic aorta cultured under hypoxic conditions (HC) relative to room air (RA). The aim of the present study was to provide insight into the participation of hypoxia in a process that occurs concomitant with metanephros vascularization in vivo, ureteric bud (UB) branching. To this end, the arborization of the UB and growth of metanephroi were measured in metanephroi grown in serum-free organ culture for two days under RA or HC. When metanephroi were cultured under HC the arborization of UB was stimulated relative to RA. In the presence of anti-VEGF neutralizing antibody (alphamVEGF), or anti-FGF2 neutralizing antibody (alphahFGF2) UB branching was inhibited under both RA and HC. When both alphamVEGF and alphahFGF2 were added, the inhibition was enhanced. Addition of exogenous VEGF or FGF2 to cultures stimulated UB branching under RA and HC and addition of both stimulated it further. These findings provide evidence for roles of hypoxia and metanephric VEGF and FGF2, as regulators not only for vascularization but also for UB bud branching during renal organogenesis.