Biological monitoring for occupational exposure to toluene.

A study was undertaken to examine the relationship between exposure of workers to toluene in the work environment and biological indicators of toluene exposure. The biological indicators studied were toluene in expired air, toluene in blood obtained by the finger prick method, and urinary hippuric acid. The study was undertaken in a factory in Singapore that manufactures speakers for audio systems. A total of 86 female workers exposed to toluene at the workplace and a control group of workers not exposed to toluene were examined. All of them were teetotalers, were nonsmokers, and gave no history of chronic drug usage. The 8-hr time-weighted average exposure level of toluene ranged from 1.6 ppm to 263 ppm. The study showed the expected toluene levels in finger prick blood was 1.4 micrograms/mL after an 8-hr exposure to 100 ppm of toluene. Toluene concentration in expired air of 16 ppm after an 8-hr exposure to 100 ppm compared favorably with other studies. The toluene in blood/expired air ratio was observed to be lower than in other studies. In this study, the expected urinary hippuric acid level for a 100-ppm exposure to toluene was 2.7 g/g creatinine. This level is higher than that recorded in other studies. The results showed that at low levels of toluene, urinary hippuric acid is not a valuable indicator of exposure. Toluene in expired air is the most reliable biological indicator of exposure to toluene.