Evaluation and management of functional biliary pain in patients with an intact gallbladder.

The diagnosis and management of suspected functional biliary pain in patients with an intact gallbladder remains contentious. Major issues include the lack of a clear definition of what constitutes biliary pain, a poor understanding of its natural history and pathophysiology, and the all too common scenario of the patient who has persistent pain despite surgical removal of the gallbladder. As a consequence, symptoms alone have generally been considered to be unreliable in the diagnosis of gallbladder dysfunction, and this has led to a search for a reliable test to help confirm a clinical suspicion of gallbladder dysfunction prior to the definitive treatment, cholecystectomy. At present, cholecystokinin-cholescintigraphy with a calculation of the gallbladder ejection fraction is the most commonly used test; however, its utility in predicting symptom outcome after cholecystectomy has been questioned. The use of cholecystokinin-cholescintigraphy to determine the appropriateness for cholecystectomy appears to be most useful when performed using a slow infusion of cholecystokinin in a well-selected patient population. However, for reasons explained herein, consideration of cholecystectomy on the basis of high clinical suspicion after adequate follow-up with trials of pharmacological therapies and exclusion of other disease entities, together with counseling the patient on postoperative expectations, may be a reasonable alternative.