Rice roots select for type I methanotrophs in rice field soil.

Methanotrophs are an important regulator for reducing methane (CH(4)) emissions from rice field soils. The type I group of the proteobacterial methanotrophs are generally favored at low CH(4) concentration and high O(2) availability, while the type II group lives better under high CH(4) and limiting O(2) conditions. Such physiological differences are possibly reflected in their ecological preferences. In the present study, methanotrophic compositions were compared between rice-planted soil and non-planted soil and between the rhizosphere and rice roots by using terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism (T-RFLP) analysis of particulate methane monooxygenase (pmoA) genes. In addition, the effects of rice variety and nitrogen fertilizer were evaluated. The results showed that the terminal restriction fragments (T-RFs), which were characteristic for type I methanotrophs, substantially increased in the rhizosphere and on the roots compared with non-planted soils. Furthermore, the relative abundances of the type I methanotroph T-RFs were greater on roots than in the rhizosphere. Of type I methanotrophs, the 79bp T-RF, which was characteristic for an unknown group or Methylococcus/Methylocaldum, markedly increased in field samples, while the 437bp, which possibly represented Methylomonas, dominated in microcosm samples. These results suggested that type I methanotrophs were enriched or selected for by rice roots compared to type II methanotrophs. However, the members of type I methanotrophs are dynamic and sensitive to environmental change. Rice planting appeared to increase the copy number of pmoA genes relative to the non-planted soils. However, neither the rice variety nor the N fertilizer significantly influenced the dynamics of the methanotrophic community.