Camelid cardiology.

Cardiovascular disorders, although not thoroughly described in the literature, are frequently diagnosed in South American camelids, causing morbidity, mortality, and loss of production. Definitive confirmation concerning the heritability of cardiac defects in these species is lacking; however, this potential exists and should be taken into account when counseling breeders and owners. This article describes the diagnosis and treatment of cardiovascular diseases in llamas and alpacas and reviews the most recent literature. Unique aspects of the cardiovascular physiology in these species are also reviewed.