Hidden consequences of dental trauma: the social and psychological effects.

It has been recognized that childhood and adolescence are high-risk periods for dental injuries, with approximately 80% occurring in individuals younger than 20-years-old. Childhood and adolescence are sensitive growth periods that may pose serious challenges to managing dental trauma. Compliance and cooperation often are issues, and family involvement--starting from the moment of injury--is critical. Moreover, long-term follow up and monitoring are essential, especially in the growing patient with a developing dentition. The potential for psychological and social impacts of dental trauma has become a common finding with consequences that may impair the social functioning, emotional balance, and wellbeing of the child. The purpose of the present paper was to outline and review the multilevel effects of pediatric dental trauma regarding emergency care and subsequent treatment, time, and costs incurred for the family and health care system, along with immediate and long-term emotional and social impacts.