Developmental origins of health and disease: concepts, caveats, and consequences for public health nutrition.

The purpose of this article is to define the concept of developmental origins of health and disease (DOHaD) as an emerging paradigm for relating evolutionary biology to contemporary health issues. As illustrated, several paradoxes emerge related to adaptations initiated in utero and in early life. Epigenetics is a concept that must be incorporated in order to understand plasticity adaptations, such as programming. The public health consequence of DOHaD challenges the one-size-fits-all norm and shows the need for prescreening prior to some interventions and for the eventuality of individualized, rather than collectively applied, preventive or remedial measures as the safest option.