Evolution in the amidohydrolase superfamily: substrate-assisted gain of function in the E183K mutant of a phosphotriesterase-like metal-carboxylesterase.

The recent specialization for utilization of pesticides reported for Pseudomonas diminuta phosphotriesterase (pPTE) strongly suggests that this activity evolved from an enzyme endowed with promiscuous phosphotriesterase activity. Such a putative "generalist" enzyme was recently proposed to be a member of the new phoshotriesterase-like lactonase family (PLL). The promiscuous carboxylesterase and phosphodiesterase activities detected in pPTE and PLLs in turn paved the way for the prediction of the existence in nature of PTE-like enzymes with predominant carboxylesterase or phosphodiesterase activities. An "in silico" analysis of the related Mesorhizobium loti ORF MLL7664 and the biochemical characterization demonstrated its prominent carboxylesterase and low phosphotriesterase specificity. On the basis of sequence similarity with the phosphotriesterase homology protein from Escherichia coli and the carboxylesterase activity, we called it phosphotriesterase-like carboxylesterase (MloPLC). The carboxylesterase activity is strictly dependent on divalent cations, and as such MloPLC is the first phosphotriesterase-like metal-carboxylesterase characterized to date. In related enzymes of the amidohydrolase superfamily either glutamate or carboxylated lysine substitutes for MloPLC glutamate 183 and the residue appear invariantly involved in maintaining the structural integrity of the binuclear metal center. Accordingly, we changed Glu-183 to lysine or glutamine. All the tested activities were completely abolished in the E183Q mutant, while only a residual phosphotriesterase activity could be detected in the E183K mutant. Surprisingly, in the latter mutant a parallel 650-fold specificity increase in bis-p-nitrophenyl-phosphate (BpNP-P) was observed, turning MloPLC from a carboxylesterase into a phosphodiesterase. Chemical, structural, and kinetic data strongly suggested that K183 is not carboxylated and that the gain of the new function is assisted by the substrate.