Application of central composite design for DNA hybridization onto magnetic microparticles.

Central composite face-centered (CCF) design and response surface methodologies were used to investigate the effect of probe and target concentration and particle number in immobilization and hybridization on a microparticle-based DNA/DNA hybridization assay. The factors under study were combined according to the CCF design matrix, and the intensity of the hybridization signal was quantified by flow cytometry. A second-order polynomial was fitted to data and validated by analysis of variance. The results showed a complex relationship between variables and response given that all factors as well as some interactions were significant, yet it could explain 95% of the data. Probe and target concentration had the strongest impact on hybridization signal intensity. Increments in initial probe concentration in solution positively affected the hybridization signal until a negative influence of a compact probe layer emerged. This trend was attributed to probe-probe interactions. By manipulating particle number on both immobilization and hybridization, enhancements on the assay sensitivity could be obtained. Under optimized conditions, the limit of detection (LOD) at the 95% confidence level was determined to be 2.3 nM of target solution concentration.