Structural variants of glucocorticoid receptor binding sites and different versions of positive glucocorticoid responsive elements: Analysis of GR-TRRD database.

The GR-TRRD section of the TRRD database contains the presently largest sample of published nucleotide sequences with experimentally confirmed binding to the glucocorticoid hormone receptor (GR). This sample comprises 160 glucocorticoid receptor binding sites (GRbs) from 77 vertebrate glucocorticoid-regulated genes. Analysis of this sample has demonstrated that the structure of only half GRbs (54%) corresponds to the generally accepted organization of glucocorticoid response element (GRE) as an inverted repeat of the TGTTCT hexanucleotide. As many as 40% of GRbs contain only the hexanucleotide, and the majority of such "half-sites" belong to the glucocorticoid-inducible genes. An expansion of the sample allowed the consensus of GRbs organized as an inverted repeat to be determined more precisely. Several possible mechanisms underlying the role of the noncanonical receptor binding sites (hexanucleotide half-sites) in the glucocorticoid induction are proposed based on analysis of the literature data.