Chronic stress effects on dendritic morphology in medial prefrontal cortex: sex differences and estrogen dependence.

A growing body of work has documented sex differences in many behavioral, neurochemical, and morphological responses to stress. Chronic stress alters morphology of dendrites in medial prefrontal cortex in male rats. However, potential sex differences in stress-induced morphological changes in medial prefrontal cortex have not been examined. Thus, in Experiment 1 we assessed dendritic morphology in medial prefrontal cortex in male and female rats after chronic stress. Male and female rats underwent either 3 hours of restraint daily for 1 week or were left unhandled except for weighing. On the final day of restraint, all rats were euthanized and brains were stained using a Golgi-Cox procedure. Pyramidal neurons in layer II-III of medial prefrontal cortex were drawn in three dimensions, and morphology of apical and basilar arbors was quantified. In males, stress decreased apical dendritic branch number and length, whereas in females, stress increased apical dendritic length. In Experiment 2, we assessed whether estradiol mediates this stress-induced dendritic hypertrophy in females by assessing the effects of restraint stress on female rats that had received either ovariectomy with or without 17-beta-estradiol replacement or sham ovariectomy. Brains were processed and neurons reconstructed as described in Experiment 1. Both sham-operated and ovariectomized rats with estradiol implants showed stress-induced increases in apical dendritic material, whereas ovariectomy without estradiol replacement prevented the stress-induced increase. Thus, the stress-induced increase in apical dendritic material in females is estradiol-dependent.