Issam Tanoubi1, Pierre Drolet, François Donati. 1. Département d'anesthésiologie, Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont and Université de Montréal, 5415, boul l'Assomption, Montréal, QC, H1T 2M4, Canada.
Abstract
PURPOSE: Preoxygenation increases oxygen reserves and duration of apnea without desaturation (DAWD), thus it provides valuable additional time to secure the airway. The purpose of this Continuing Professional Development (CPD) module is to examine the various preoxygenation techniques that have been proposed and to assess their effectiveness in healthy adults and in obese, pregnant, and elderly patients. PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: The effectiveness of preoxygenation techniques can be evaluated by measuring DAWD, i.e., the time for oxygen saturation to decrease to <90%. Clinically, preoxygenation is considered adequate when end-tidal oxygen fraction is >90%. This is usually achieved with a 3-min tidal volume breathing (TVB) technique. As a rule, asking the patient to take four deep breaths in 30 sec (4 DB 30 sec) yields poorer results. Eight deep breaths in 60 sec (8 DB 60 sec) is equivalent to TVB 3 min. The DAWD is decreased in obese patients, pregnant women, and patients with increased metabolism. Obese patients may benefit from the head-up position and positive pressure breathing. A TVB technique is preferable in the elderly. Failure to preoxygenate is often due to leaks, which commonly occur in edentulous or bearded patients. In cases of difficult preoxygenation, directly applying the circuit to the mouth might be a useful alternative. Supplying extra oxygen in the nasopharynx during apnea might increase DAWD. CONCLUSION: Since ventilation and tracheal intubation difficulties are unpredictable, this CPD module recommends that all patients be preoxygenated. The TVB 3 min and the 8 DB 60 sec techniques are suitable for most patients; however, the 4 DB 30 sec is inadequate.
PURPOSE: Preoxygenation increases oxygen reserves and duration of apnea without desaturation (DAWD), thus it provides valuable additional time to secure the airway. The purpose of this Continuing Professional Development (CPD) module is to examine the various preoxygenation techniques that have been proposed and to assess their effectiveness in healthy adults and in obese, pregnant, and elderly patients. PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: The effectiveness of preoxygenation techniques can be evaluated by measuring DAWD, i.e., the time for oxygen saturation to decrease to <90%. Clinically, preoxygenation is considered adequate when end-tidal oxygen fraction is >90%. This is usually achieved with a 3-min tidal volume breathing (TVB) technique. As a rule, asking the patient to take four deep breaths in 30 sec (4 DB 30 sec) yields poorer results. Eight deep breaths in 60 sec (8 DB 60 sec) is equivalent to TVB 3 min. The DAWD is decreased in obesepatients, pregnant women, and patients with increased metabolism. Obesepatients may benefit from the head-up position and positive pressure breathing. A TVB technique is preferable in the elderly. Failure to preoxygenate is often due to leaks, which commonly occur in edentulous or bearded patients. In cases of difficult preoxygenation, directly applying the circuit to the mouth might be a useful alternative. Supplying extra oxygen in the nasopharynx during apnea might increase DAWD. CONCLUSION: Since ventilation and tracheal intubation difficulties are unpredictable, this CPD module recommends that all patients be preoxygenated. The TVB 3 min and the 8 DB 60 sec techniques are suitable for most patients; however, the 4 DB 30 sec is inadequate.
Authors: J Adam Law; Laura V Duggan; Mathieu Asselin; Paul Baker; Edward Crosby; Andrew Downey; Orlando R Hung; George Kovacs; François Lemay; Rudiger Noppens; Matteo Parotto; Roanne Preston; Nick Sowers; Kathryn Sparrow; Timothy P Turkstra; David T Wong; Philip M Jones Journal: Can J Anaesth Date: 2021-06-08 Impact factor: 5.063