Men's lower urinary tract symptoms are also mental and physical sufferings for their spouses.

Lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) in men may have an adverse effect on spouse health-related quality of life (HRQL), and these effects are probably influenced by cultural and perceptional differences. This study was conducted to explore the impact of LUTS in Korean men on their spousal HRQL in relation to symptom severities and other demographic parameters. A total of 130 spouses, whose husbands had a nocturia, frequency of greater than once per night, who shared a bed with their husbands, and accompanied husbands at consultation, were subsequently enrolled and asked to complete a structured questionnaire. Almost all spouses (98%) suffered one or more inconveniences that affected HRQL to some degree. Sleep disturbance was rated to be most inconvenient. The sleep disturbances were significantly correlated with nocturia frequency and husband co-morbidity. Husband's LUTS caused partners to feel fatigued (62%), embarrassed (79%), concerned about the possibilities of cancer (69%) and surgery (81%), sexual life deteriorated (58%), and dissatisfied, unhappy, or terrible (36%). Spouse's perception on HRQL was found to be well correlated with husband's quality of life. Men with LUTS need to understand that their LUTS is also mental and physical sufferings for their spouses.

INTRODUCTION

Lower urinary tract symptom (LUTS) increases with aging and the most common cause of LUTS in aging men is benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) (1, 2). Reported data show that an enlarged prostate is not always associated with LUTS severity (3, 4). Asian men have a smaller prostate than Caucasians, but may have similar or higher symptom scores and a more impaired quality of life (QL) (5).

It should come as no surprise that couples that have lived together for many decades share health concerns that directly affect one partner. This is particularly true in cases of LUTS and clinical BPH as they occur in aging men, at a time when both partners are increasingly concerned about health matters, and their vulnerabilities and susceptibilities to diseases (6). Moreover, cultural and perceptional differences may influence the impact of a disease on the health-related quality of life (HRQL) of non-affected partner. Korean men with health problems traditionally tend to overlook the spousal inconvenience caused, and conversely, women consider it a virtue not to express such concerns. Several reports have been issued on the impact of a husband's urinary problems on spouse HRQL in the West (7-11), but there have been few studies on an Asian population (9). This study was conducted to explore the impact of LUTS in Korean men on spousal HRQL in relation to LUTS severity and demographic parameters.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Patients with LUTS who visited our hospital for treatment were asked to complete the linguistically validated International Prostate Symptom Score (IPSS) questionnaire. Digital rectal examination, urinalysis, uroflowmetry, serum prostate specific antigen testing, and transrectal ultrasonography were performed on all patients.

A total of 130 female partners, whose husbands had nocturia with a frequency of more than once per night, who shared a bed with their husbands, accompanied husbands at consultation, and who consented to participate in this study, were sequently enrolled and asked to complete a structured questionnaire. The questionnaire form was handed directly to spouses, who were asked to complete it without interview. The questionnaire used was originally developed by Sells et al. (7), and was validated specifically to assess partner's morbidity in BPH. The Korean version of the questionnaire was linguistically validated. It was composed of 8 multi-choice questions, which addressed inconvenience (sleep disturbances, fatigue, social disruption, disturbance of essential tasks), psychological impact (embarrassment, fear of cancer, fear of surgery), sex life, and other demographic parameters (age, marriage duration, schooling, economic conditions, co-morbidities, and others). Each question was scored from 0 to 4: 0 (not at all); 1 (somewhat); 2 (moderate); 3 (much); 4 (a great deal). In addition, we added a question concerning spouse's perception of HRQL scored from 0 (completely happy) to 6 (terrible) (Appendix). No women refused to respond to any question of the questionnaire.

Appendix

Main outcome measures were prevalence of spousal inconveniences affecting HRQL due to their husband's urinary symptoms, comparison of patients' QL with their wives' HRQL, and probabilities of spouse inconveniences and HRQL vs. demographic data (age, schooling, marriage duration, economic condition, prostate volume, co-morbidity), IPSS, nocturia frequency, and duration of symptoms.

Statistical analyses were performed using analysis of covariance, the Student's t-test, Pearson's correlation test, and multiple regression analysis. All statistical analyses were adjusted for patient and partner age.

RESULTS

Patient and spouse demographics are presented in Table 1 and 2. Patient mean age was 62.2±8.2 yr (43-79 yr), and that of their partners was 57.8±8.5 yr (41-75 yr); a mean age difference of 4.4±4.0 yr (-5~+27 yr). Marriage duration was 34.0±9.5 yr (7-54 yr). Wives' education backgrounds were slightly lower than their husbands'. The most common co-morbidity was hypertension in both patients and spouses (34.6% & 19.2%, respectively) followed by diabetes mellitus (11.5% & 8.5%, respectively).

Table 1

Demographics of patients and their partners

Table 2

IPSS, nocturia frequency, symptom duration, quality of life, and prostate volume on transrectal ultrasonogram

IPSS, International Prostate Symptom Score.

Patient IPSS, nocturia frequencies, symptom durations, QL, and prostate volumes are detailed on Table 2. Mean patient IPSS was 20.3±7.1 (8-35) with a mean symptom duration of 8.4±5.2 yr (0.2-26 yr).

Almost all spouses (98%) suffered one or more inconveniences of varying degrees. The majority of spouses (77%) experienced sleep derangement (awoken once or more), and 47% were awoken twice or more; 62% felt fatigued due to sleep disturbances (Fig. 1). These sleep disturbances were independent of ages of spouses or husbands, age difference, marriage duration, schooling, economic condition, prostate size, spouse co-morbidities, IPSS, or duration of LUTS. However, nocturia frequency (p<0.01) and the presence of a comorbidity in the husband (p<0.05) were found to increase spouse sleep disruption. In addition, feeling tired during the day because of sleep disturbances was found to correlate with IPSS (p<0.05) and with nocturia frequency (p<0.05) (Table 3).

Fig. 1

Prevalence of spousal inconveniences affecting health-related quality of life due to their husband's urinary symptoms.

Table 3

Probabilities of spouse inconveniences and health-related QL vs. patient demographic data, IPSS, nocturia frequency, duration of symptoms, and QL

*p<0.05, Statistically significant; †p<0.01, Statistically very significant.

r, correlation coefficient; r2, coefficient of determination.

1, sleep disturbance; 2, fatigue; 3, social life; 4, essential tasks; 5, embarrassment; 6, sex life; 7, fear of cancer; 8, fear of surgery; 9, health-related quality of life; IPSS, International Prostate Symptom Score; QL, quality of life.

Although the social lives of spouses (e.g., meeting friends, one day trips, favorite pastimes) and essential tasks (such as, shopping) were found to be least affected, 13% reported moderate to severe limitations (Fig. 1). The limitations of social lives were found to be dependent on IPSS (p<0.05) and economic condition (p<0.05), and those of essential tasks were found to correlate with IPSS (p<0.05) and nocturia frequency (p<0.01) (Table 3).

Patients urinary symptoms caused spouses to feel embarrassed (79%), and this was significantly correlated with IPSS (p<0.01) and nocturia frequency (p<0.01). Moreover, 69% of spouses were concerned about possibility of cancer, and this concern was found to be significantly correlated with nocturia frequency (p<0.01), the presence of a co-morbidity in the husband (p<0.05), and marriage duration (p<0.05), whereas a fear of surgery (81%) was not found to be correlated with husband's urinary symptoms but with the presence of a co-morbidity in the spouse (p<0.01).

Fifty eight percent of spouses reported that their sexual life had deteriorated because of their husband's urinary symptoms. In particular, nocturia frequency (p<0.01) and IPSS (p<0.05) were found to significantly affect sexual life.

Thirty six percent of spouses said they would feel mostly dissatisfied, unhappy or terrible if they had to spend the rest of their lives with their husbands' voiding symptoms (Fig. 2). Spouse's perception of HRQL was found to correlate well with husband QL (p<0.01), but not with other parameters studied.

Fig. 2

Patients' quality of life and their wives' health-related quality of life.

DISCUSSION

In men with LUTS, a strongest association was found between total IPSS and QL (1, 12). Likewise, a man's urinary symptoms may adversely affect the HRQL of his wife (7-11). It has been suggested that an association exists between spousal bother and husband's IPSS, and that this relation differs between countries (9). Thus, the impact of a man's urinary symptoms on spouse HRQL may be influenced by cultural and perceptional differences.

It has been shown that symptom scores are highest for self-reported processes, lower for face-to-face interviews, and lowest for telephone interviews (13). Previous studies on the effect of LUTS on spouse HRQL have been conducted by telephone interview (8), direct interview, by post (7, 9), or have been self-reported (10). In the present study, we used a self-reporting process.

Sleep is a primary determinant of QL (14), and nocturia is the most frequently reported cause of sleep disturbance in both men and women (14, 15). Women have also been reported to be bothered by sleep disturbance related to husband's nocturia (9, 10). Many women become lighter sleepers with aging and would be easily awaken when sleep disturbed. In our study, the majority of wives (77%) experienced sleep disturbance, which is a higher figure than the 28% found by Mitropoulos et al. in a Greek population (10), the 46% of Shvartzman et al. in an Israeli population (8), and than the 66% of Sells et al. in a U.K. study (7). Spouse sleep derangement in the present study was found to be independent of husband IPSS, which concurs with the findings of Mitropoulos et al. (10). Instead, it was found to be dependent primarily on nocturia frequency.

Spousal social lives and essential tasks were found to be relatively unaffected. However, higher IPSS and economic condition were associated with a higher disruptive impact on social life. Essential tasks in this study were significantly correlated with husband's nocturia frequency and IPSS, while Mitropoulos et al. (10) found no correlation with all parameters studied.

Rates of spouse concerns about the prospect of surgery and the possibility of cancer were slightly higher in the present study than in Mitropoulos et al. study (10), in which the concerns were found to be independent of any parameter studied. In our study, fear of cancer was found to be significantly correlated with nocturia frequency and the presence of co-morbidity in the husband. However, the fear of possible surgical intervention was found to be not correlated with the nocturia frequency and the presence of co-morbidity in the husband but to be related to the presence of co-morbidity in the spouse, which can be attributed not to operation per se, but rather to the unselfish belief held by spouses that an operation would make it difficult to care for her husband.

Eerectile dysfunction is common in men with LUTS and is strongly associated with symptom severity and their bothersomeness (16, 17). In our study, 58% of spouses stated that their husband's condition detrimentally affected their sex life. This rate, which is compatible to 54% found by a study on the prevalence of erectile dysfunction in Korean men aged 40-80 yr (18), is higher than the 48% of Mitropoulos et al. (10) and the 37% of Shvartzman et al. (8) In the present study, sex life was found to be significantly affected by nocturia frequency and IPSS, whereas Mitropoulos et al. (10) concluded that sex life was independent of all parameters examined.

Despite the measurable effect that LUTS has on QL, few men with LUTS seek medical help, because they perceive that their symptoms are a normal feature of aging, and because they fear a diagnosis of cancer, surgery, and the potential side-effects of surgery (19). In addition, if a man with LUTS is unaware of its impact on his spouse, he may be less inclined to seek treatment (11), and a lack of communication between men with LUTS and their spouses probably contributes to delays in seeking help. Our study found that spouses experienced one or more inconveniences, and that 63% of spouses had an impaired HRQL due to their husband's LUTS. These findings indicate that spouses and men with LUTS should be the focus of an educational drive on understanding the disease. Several previous studies in Western (1, 12), and Korean (20) men have found a strongest association between LUTS and QL. Interestingly, in the present study, a spouse's perception of HRQL was found to be well correlated with husband's QL. This observation suggests that spouse HRQL is hardly affected by inconveniences associated with her husband's urinary symptoms, but rather that it is governed by the extent to which her husband's QL has deteriorated. Generally, Korean women accept that it is their duty to patiently cope with such inconveniences, and thus, husband QL has a huge influence on spouse QL. When women whose husbands have LUTS also have LUTS, it may affect their QL no matter whether it acts more or less negatively to the impaired QL due to husband's LUTS. However, this study did not investigate whether women had LUTS or not.

In conclusion, all most all spouses (98%) suffered one or more inconveniences due to their husband's LUTS. Sleep disturbance was rated to be most inconvenient. Nocturia frequency was the most influential factor on the sleep disturbance. Spouse's perception of health-related quality of life was found to be well correlated with their husband's quality of life. An educational drive will be needed to promote an understanding of this disease for spouses as well as men with LUTS.