Natural history and therapeutic management of recurrent hepatocellular carcinoma after liver transplantation.

While the natural history and appropriate diagnostic and management practices are relatively well defined for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), data are scarce concerning the characteristic features and treatment modalities for recurrent HCC after liver transplantation. The time of recurrence appears to impact survival more significantly than localization, but to date, guidelines for therapeutic management of recurrent HCC have not been established. Data in the literature shows that late and unifocal recurrence has a better prognosis when treated by surgery or radiofrequency. In the event of early recurrence, surgery cannot be recommended due to the lack of evidence and the high risk of advanced disease. Systemic therapy can be discussed in a situation of multifocal recurrence. Proliferative signal inhibitors exhibit both immunosuppressive and antiproliferative properties and liver transplantation teams tend to introduce such treatment despite the lack of extensive data.