Obesity and cardiovascular disease: from pathophysiology to risk stratification.

Obesity is associated with numerous co-morbidities such as cardiovascular diseases (CVD), type 2 diabetes, hypertension and others. As obesity is considered to be a major risk factor for atherosclerosis, understanding of the underlying mechanisms leading to obesity and linking obesity with atherogenesis is necessary, for the development of therapeutic strategies against atherosclerosis. The pathophysiology of CVD linked to obesity is an area of intensive research. In this review we examine the role of obesity on CVD, and we focus on specific mechanisms of major importance in atherogenesis, such as the role of adipokines, insulin resistance, endothelial function and cardiac structure with emphasis on the effects of obesity on vascular endothelium and atherosclerosis. We then proceed from the pathophysiology of obesity to clinical practice, and we discuss clinical studies linking obesity with subclinical or overt CVD. We highlight that obesity is an easily assessed cardiovascular risk factor in the clinical setting and strategies to promote optimal body weight should be encouraged.