PURPOSE: To determine the in vitro antibiotic susceptibility patterns of conjunctival bacterial flora isolated before surgery from patients undergoing refractive surgery. DESIGN: In vitro laboratory investigation. PARTICIPANTS: One hundred five eyes from 105 patients scheduled for refractive surgery at Balgensesang Ophthalmology Clinic between September 2005 and January 2006 were studied. Among 105 patients, 71 (67.6%) underwent LASIK using a femtosecond laser, 24 (22.9%) underwent LASIK using an automated microkeratome, 8 (7.6%) underwent LASEK, and 2 (1.9%) patients underwent phakic intraocular lens implantation. METHODS: Preoperative conjunctival swab samples were inoculated directly in culture media at the bedside before topical anesthetic or antibiotic application. Blood agar, chocolate agar, thioglycolate broth, Sabouraud dextrose agar, and Ogawa media were used for bacterial, fungal, and mycobacterial cultures. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of ofloxacin (OFX), levofloxacin (LEV), gatifloxacin (GAT), moxifloxacin (MOX), gemifloxacin (GEM), and other commonly used antibiotics were determined using an E test. RESULTS: From 105 patients, 73 (85%) coagulase-negative staphylococci (CNS), 2 (2.3%) Staphylococcus aureus, 1 (1.2%) Streptococcus pneumoniae, and 5 (4.8%) gram-negative bacilli were isolated. No fungi or mycobacteria were isolated. The MIC that would inhibit the growth of 90% of the tested bacterial isolates (MIC(90)) of OFX, LEV, GAT, MOX, and GEM for methicillin-susceptible CNS (n = 46) were 0.5 microg/ml, 0.19 microg/ml, 0.094 microg/ml, 0.047 microg/ml, and 0.023 microg/ml, respectively. The MIC(90) values for methicillin-resistant CNS (n = 27) were 32 microg/ml, 4 microg/ml, 1 microg/ml, 0.5 microg/ml, and 0.25 microg/ml, respectively (P<0.001). CONCLUSIONS: The most effective against conjunctival bacteria isolated from refractive surgery patients were GEM, MOX, and GAT; however, resistance to earlier-generation fluoroquinolones (OFX and LEV) is increasing among methicillin-resistant CNS. It may be a therapeutic option to use newer fluoroquinolones in patients undergoing refractive eye surgery to reduce such infections as methicillin-resistant CNS. FINANCIAL DISCLOSURE(S): The author(s) have no proprietary or commercial interest in any materials discussed in this article.
PURPOSE: To determine the in vitro antibiotic susceptibility patterns of conjunctival bacterial flora isolated before surgery from patients undergoing refractive surgery. DESIGN: In vitro laboratory investigation. PARTICIPANTS: One hundred five eyes from 105 patients scheduled for refractive surgery at Balgensesang Ophthalmology Clinic between September 2005 and January 2006 were studied. Among 105 patients, 71 (67.6%) underwent LASIK using a femtosecond laser, 24 (22.9%) underwent LASIK using an automated microkeratome, 8 (7.6%) underwent LASEK, and 2 (1.9%) patients underwent phakic intraocular lens implantation. METHODS: Preoperative conjunctival swab samples were inoculated directly in culture media at the bedside before topical anesthetic or antibiotic application. Blood agar, chocolateagar, thioglycolate broth, Sabouraud dextrose agar, and Ogawa media were used for bacterial, fungal, and mycobacterial cultures. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of ofloxacin (OFX), levofloxacin (LEV), gatifloxacin (GAT), moxifloxacin (MOX), gemifloxacin (GEM), and other commonly used antibiotics were determined using an E test. RESULTS: From 105 patients, 73 (85%) coagulase-negative staphylococci (CNS), 2 (2.3%) Staphylococcus aureus, 1 (1.2%) Streptococcus pneumoniae, and 5 (4.8%) gram-negative bacilli were isolated. No fungi or mycobacteria were isolated. The MIC that would inhibit the growth of 90% of the tested bacterial isolates (MIC(90)) of OFX, LEV, GAT, MOX, and GEM for methicillin-susceptible CNS (n = 46) were 0.5 microg/ml, 0.19 microg/ml, 0.094 microg/ml, 0.047 microg/ml, and 0.023 microg/ml, respectively. The MIC(90) values for methicillin-resistant CNS (n = 27) were 32 microg/ml, 4 microg/ml, 1 microg/ml, 0.5 microg/ml, and 0.25 microg/ml, respectively (P<0.001). CONCLUSIONS: The most effective against conjunctival bacteria isolated from refractive surgery patients were GEM, MOX, and GAT; however, resistance to earlier-generation fluoroquinolones (OFX and LEV) is increasing among methicillin-resistant CNS. It may be a therapeutic option to use newer fluoroquinolones in patients undergoing refractive eye surgery to reduce such infections as methicillin-resistant CNS. FINANCIAL DISCLOSURE(S): The author(s) have no proprietary or commercial interest in any materials discussed in this article.
Authors: Vicky Cevallos; John P Whitcher; Muluken Melese; Wondu Alemayehu; Elizabeth Yi; Jaya D Chidambaram; Scott Lee; Harsha Reddy; Bruce D Gaynor; Thomas M Lietman; Jeremy D Keenan Journal: Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci Date: 2012-08-07 Impact factor: 4.799