Some notable properties of the standard oncology Phase I design.

We identify three properties of the standard oncology Phase I trial design or 3 + 3 design. We show that the standard design implicitly uses isotonic regression to estimate a maximum tolerated dose. We next illustrate the relationship between the standard design and a Bayesian design proposed by Ji et al. (2007). A slight modification to this Bayesian design, under a particular model specification, would assign treatments in a manner identical to the standard design. We finally present calculations revealing the behavior of the standard design in a worst case scenario and compare its behavior with other 3 + 3-like designs.