Kidney transplantation.

Kidney transplantation in adults, infants, and children is a safe and effective treatment of ESRD. In 1990, for all patients with irreversible ESRD, transplantation is the preferred treatment over dialysis. With careful perioperative management by the surgeon and anesthesiologist, the morbidity is very low. Thus increased use of grafts from living donors appears warranted. Continued refinements and advances in immunosuppression should result in even better long-term graft and patient survival.