Hybrid network architecture for interactive multi-user surgical simulator with scalable deformable models.

In this paper we present for the first time, the results from a global-scale interactive surgical collaboration experiment using hybrid network architecture with scalable deformable model capable of simulating non-liner tissue behavior at haptic rates. The results show that two users were able to collaborate interactively at haptic rate for a time-varying one-way delay of 183 ms between the users.