Diagnosis and treatment of acute humoral kidney allograft rejection.

Acute humoral rejection (AHR) is a severe form of rejection associated with poor graft survival. Prompt diagnosis and rapid institution of therapy are crucial to improve the prognosis. A therapeutic approach based on plasmapheresis, intravenous imunoglobulin, and rituximab seems to be effective in refractory cases. Herein we have described our experience with 11 patients with biopsy-proven AHR who were treated between January 2005 and June 2008. Seven of these patients had panel reactive antibodies titers more than 50%. The diagnosis was based on Banff 2001 criteria; treatment consisted of a combination of plasmapheresis and intravenous immunoglobulin. Four refractory cases were also treated with a single dose of rituximab. One graft was lost due to thrombosis. All other patients recovered graft function with an average creatinine level of 1.6 mg/dL at 8.6 +/- 2.7 months of follow-up.