AIM: Addictive behavior is importantly mediated by mesolimbic dopaminergic signaling. Here, we comprehensively analyzed the DRD2 gene locus, and in addition, the ANKK1 rs1800497C>T single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP), formerly known as 'dopamine D2 receptor Taq1A C>T polymorphism', for associations with the risk of opiate addiction and the methadone dosage requirements. METHODS: Allelic frequencies of DRD2/ANKK1 polymorphisms were compared between 85 methadone-substituted Caucasian patients and a random sample of 99 healthy Caucasian controls. Within patients, the average and maximum daily methadone dose during the first year of treatment and the time when that maximum dose was reached were analyzed for an association with DRD2/ANKK1 genetics. RESULTS: Compared with the control group, drug users carried more frequently the minor allele of DRD2 SNP rs1076560G>T SNP (P=0.022, odds ratio 2.343) or the ATCT haplotype of DRD2 rs1799978A>G, rs1076560G>T, rs6277C>T, ANKK1 rs1800497C>T (P=0.048, odds ratio 2.23), with similar tendencies for ANKK1 rs1800497C>T (P=0.056, odds ratio 2.12) and the TCCTCTT haplotype of DRD2 rs12364283T>C, rs1799732C del, rs4648317C>T, rs1076560G>T, rs6275C>T, rs6277C>T, and ANKK1 rs1800497C>T (P=0.059, odds ratio 2.31). The average and maximum daily methadone doses were significantly associated with the DRD2 rs6275C>T SNP (P=0.016 and 0.005 for average and maximum dose, respectively). Carriers of the variant rs6275T allele needed higher methadone doses than noncarriers. In addition, this variant was associated with a longer time to reach the maximum methadone dose (P=0.025). CONCLUSION: On the basis of an analysis spanning the whole gene locus, from the DRD2 promoter to the ANKK1 rs1800497C>T polymorphism, DRD2 genetic polymorphisms modulate both the risk of opiate addiction, leading to the necessity of methadone substitution therapy, and the course of this therapy in terms of dosage requirements.
AIM: Addictive behavior is importantly mediated by mesolimbic dopaminergic signaling. Here, we comprehensively analyzed the DRD2 gene locus, and in addition, the ANKK1 rs1800497C>T single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP), formerly known as 'dopamine D2 receptor Taq1A C>T polymorphism', for associations with the risk of opiate addiction and the methadone dosage requirements. METHODS: Allelic frequencies of DRD2/ANKK1 polymorphisms were compared between 85 methadone-substituted Caucasian patients and a random sample of 99 healthy Caucasian controls. Within patients, the average and maximum daily methadone dose during the first year of treatment and the time when that maximum dose was reached were analyzed for an association with DRD2/ANKK1 genetics. RESULTS: Compared with the control group, drug users carried more frequently the minor allele of DRD2 SNP rs1076560G>T SNP (P=0.022, odds ratio 2.343) or the ATCT haplotype of DRD2 rs1799978A>G, rs1076560G>T, rs6277C>T, ANKK1 rs1800497C>T (P=0.048, odds ratio 2.23), with similar tendencies for ANKK1 rs1800497C>T (P=0.056, odds ratio 2.12) and the TCCTCTT haplotype of DRD2 rs12364283T>C, rs1799732C del, rs4648317C>T, rs1076560G>T, rs6275C>T, rs6277C>T, and ANKK1 rs1800497C>T (P=0.059, odds ratio 2.31). The average and maximum daily methadone doses were significantly associated with the DRD2 rs6275C>T SNP (P=0.016 and 0.005 for average and maximum dose, respectively). Carriers of the variant rs6275T allele needed higher methadone doses than noncarriers. In addition, this variant was associated with a longer time to reach the maximum methadone dose (P=0.025). CONCLUSION: On the basis of an analysis spanning the whole gene locus, from the DRD2 promoter to the ANKK1 rs1800497C>T polymorphism, DRD2 genetic polymorphisms modulate both the risk of opiate addiction, leading to the necessity of methadone substitution therapy, and the course of this therapy in terms of dosage requirements.
Authors: Huaiyu Mi; Paul D Thomas; Huijun Z Ring; Ruhong Jiang; Katrin Sangkuhl; Teri E Klein; Russ B Altman Journal: Pharmacogenet Genomics Date: 2011-06 Impact factor: 2.089
Authors: Kenneth Blum; Thomas J H Chen; John Bailey; Abdalla Bowirrat; John Femino; Amanda L C Chen; Thomas Simpatico; Siobhan Morse; John Giordano; Uma Damle; Mallory Kerner; Eric R Braverman; Frank Fornari; B William Downs; Cynthia Rector; Debmayla Barh; Marlene Oscar-Berman Journal: Mol Neurobiol Date: 2011-09-24 Impact factor: 5.590
Authors: Toni-Kim Clarke; Amy R D Weiss; Thomas N Ferarro; Kyle M Kampman; Charles A Dackis; Helen M Pettinati; Charles P O'brien; David W Oslin; Falk W Lohoff; Wade H Berrettini Journal: Ann Hum Genet Date: 2013-11-25 Impact factor: 1.670
Authors: Kenneth Blum; Thomas J H Chen; B William Downs; Abdalla Bowirrat; Roger L Waite; Eric R Braverman; Margaret Madigan; Marlene Oscar-Berman; Nicholas DiNubile; Eric Stice; John Giordano; Siobhan Morse; Mark Gold Journal: Postgrad Med Date: 2009-11 Impact factor: 3.840