Electrochemical desorption of self-assembled monolayers for engineering cellular tissues.

Adherent cells, cell sheets, and spheroids were harvested noninvasively from a culture surface by means of electrochemical desorption of a self-assembled monolayer (SAM) of alkanethiol. The SAM surface was made adhesive by the covalent bonding of Arg-Gly-Asp (RGD)-peptides to the alkanethiol molecules. The application of a negative electrical potential caused the reductive desorption of the SAM, resulting in the detachment of the cells. Using this approach greater than 90% of adherent cells detached within 5 min. Furthermore, this approach was used to obtain two-dimensional (2D) cell sheets. The detached cell sheets consisted of viable cells, which could be easily attached to other cell sheets in succession to form a multilayered cell sheet. Moreover, spheroids of hepatocytes of a uniform diameter were formed in an array of cylindrical cavities at a density of 280 spheroids/cm(2) and were harvested by applying a negative electrical potential. This cell manipulation technology could potentially be a useful tool for the fabrication and assembly of building blocks such as cell sheets and spheroids for regenerative medicine and tissue engineering applications.