Review of contraception in ungulate species.

Most ungulate species are herd animals. In captivity, and increasingly so in the wild, space constraints limit natural behaviors associated with group dynamics, possibly resulting in inbreeding and/or overpopulation. This situation has necessitated research regarding contraception of various species of hoofstock. Differing management situations mandate different contraception protocols to achieve optimal results. Fertility control in hoofstock has been achieved through a number of different contraceptive methods predominantly surgical sterilization, mechanical contraception, synthetic steroid hormones, and immunocontraception. In this study successes and limitations of these techniques are reviewed. Zoo Biol 26:311-326, 2007. (c) 2007 Wiley-Liss, Inc.