Oxidative effects of inorganic and organic contaminants on haemolymph of mussels.

We applied a newly-established method in haemolymph of mussels, Mytilus galloprovincialis, exposed to different concentrations of heavy metals, such as zinc and cadmium and organic pollutants, such as PAHs and lindane, for the detection of total antioxidant capacity (TAC). The susceptibility of exposed mussels was increased in relation to oxidative stress induced by contaminants tested. Oxidative modifications of proteins were estimated by measuring protein carbonyl content (PCC) and malondialdehyde levels (MDA). For PCC measurement, a highly sensitive and accurate ELISA method, which requires only 5 microg of protein, was used. The significant increase of PCC and MDA in haemolymph of exposed mussels reinforces its role as biomarkers of oxidative stress. Significant correlation of TAC assay, PCC and MDA was conducted in order to evaluate the utility of PCC and TAC assay, used in the present study, as tools for determining oxidative effects of pollutants in mussels. The results reinforce the application of PCC method as useful tool for the determination of PCC alterations in haemolymph of mussels exposed to different levels of contaminants. In addition, the TAC method gives encouraging results, concerning its ability to predict antioxidant efficiency in haemolymph of mussels exposed to inorganic and organic contaminants.