DNA ligases: progress and prospects.

DNA ligases seal 5'-PO4 and 3'-OH polynucleotide ends via three nucleotidyl transfer steps involving ligase-adenylate and DNA-adenylate intermediates. DNA ligases are essential guardians of genomic integrity, and ligase dysfunction underlies human genetic disease syndromes. Crystal structures of DNA ligases bound to nucleotide and nucleic acid substrates have illuminated how ligase reaction chemistry is catalyzed, how ligases recognize damaged DNA ends, and how protein domain movements and active-site remodeling are used to choreograph the end-joining pathway. Although a shared feature of DNA ligases is their envelopment of the nicked duplex as a C-shaped protein clamp, they accomplish this feat by using remarkably different accessory structural modules and domain topologies. As structural, biochemical, and phylogenetic insights coalesce, we can expect advances on several fronts, including (i) pharmacological targeting of ligases for antibacterial and anticancer therapies and (ii) the discovery and design of new strand-sealing enzymes with unique substrate specificities.