Molecular epidemiology of hepatitis B virus in Indonesia.

The S-gene sequences of hepatitis B virus (HBV) from 22 carriers in several islands of Indonesia were amplified by polymerase chain reaction, and XbaI-SpeI fragments corresponding to nucleotides 93-529 (437 base pairs) in the S gene were sequenced. The 22 sequences, along with the 5 reported sequences from Indonesia, were compared with each other, and with the corresponding sequences of 20 clones from other countries including China, France, Great Britain, Japan, Kenya, Papua New Guinea, Philippines, USA and USSR. When the 27 HBV DNA clones of various subtypes from Indonesia were classified by the homology in the nucleotide sequence into the five genotypes, twelve belonged to genotype B (subtype adw 7 and ayw 5), 13 to genotype C (adw 1, adr 10, ayr 1 and ar 1), and 2 to genotype D (ayw); none belonged to genotype A or E. Different subtypes of clones in the same genotype indicated that point mutations inducing d-to-y or w-to-r phenotypic changes would be common among Indonesian carriers. Comparison of the translation products of XbaI-SpeI fragments, now available for 47 HBV DNA clones of different genotypes (A 4; B 14; C 21; D 7; E 1), identified several amino acids characteristic to or influenced by the five genotypes as well as those highly conserved by clones of different genotypes.