Spinal astrogliosis in pain models: cause and effects.

Pathological pain has been subjected to intense research to shed light on the underlying mechanisms of key symptoms, such as allodynia and hyperalgesia. The main focus has by and large concerned plasticity of spinal cord neurons and the primary afferent nerves relaying peripheral information to the spinal cord. Animal pain models display an increased presence of reactive astrocytes in the spinal cord, but in contrast to neurons, little is known about how they contribute to abnormal pain sensation. However, astrocytes are now beginning to receive greater attention, and as new information is emerging, it appears that astrocytes undertake critical roles in manifesting pathological pain. Through the secretion of diffusible transmitters, such as interleukins, ATP, and NO, astrocytes may augment primary afferent neuronal signaling or sensitize second order neurons in the spinal cord. In addition, astrocytes might lead to altered pain perception by a direct modulation of synaptic transmission between neurons in the nociceptive pathway or through the creation of astrocytic networks capable of transducing signals for extended distances across and along the spinal cord. Future research in astrocyte activation and signaling may therefore reveal novel drug targets for managing pathological pain.