PURPOSE: Greig cephalopolysyndactyly (GCPS) (OMIM 175700), a rare autosomal dominant disorder, is characterized by a distinct combination of craniofacial, hand and foot malformations. The hand and foot malformations often require orthopedic assessment and treatment. The disorder is caused by point mutations or deletions in the GLI3 gene, located on chromosome 7p14.3. Herewith, we review the hand and foot malformations in a cohort of 13 patients referred for genetic testing. METHODS: We reviewed the medical files of 13 patients with GCPS seen at the Center for Human Genetics in Leuven between 2003 and 2005. Clinical, molecular and radiological findings, when available, were recorded. RESULTS: We identified six different point mutations in the GLI3 gene, two microdeletions and three larger chromosomal deletions. In the hands, preaxial polydactyly was never observed, but the malformations included postaxial polydactyly, broad thumbs, clinodactyly of the thumbs and various degrees of syndactyly. In the feet the spectrum of malformations included preaxial polydactyly, postaxial polydactyly, different degrees of syndactyly and broad halluces. Syndactyly of the toes and hallux abnormalities were present in all patients. Most frequently, syndactyly was present between toes 1-2-3. The broadening of the hallux was either due to a complete or partial duplication of the first toe or to broadening of the distal phalanx. Mental retardation was found in three cases and was associated with a large chromosomal deletion of the GLI3 region. CONCLUSION: We found the classic hand and foot malformations associated with GCPS in our cohort of patients. Patients with a large chromosomal deletion had mental retardation, but no structural brain anomalies were found.
PURPOSE:Greig cephalopolysyndactyly (GCPS) (OMIM 175700), a rare autosomal dominant disorder, is characterized by a distinct combination of craniofacial, hand and foot malformations. The hand and foot malformations often require orthopedic assessment and treatment. The disorder is caused by point mutations or deletions in the GLI3 gene, located on chromosome 7p14.3. Herewith, we review the hand and foot malformations in a cohort of 13 patients referred for genetic testing. METHODS: We reviewed the medical files of 13 patients with GCPS seen at the Center for Human Genetics in Leuven between 2003 and 2005. Clinical, molecular and radiological findings, when available, were recorded. RESULTS: We identified six different point mutations in the GLI3 gene, two microdeletions and three larger chromosomal deletions. In the hands, preaxial polydactyly was never observed, but the malformations included postaxial polydactyly, broad thumbs, clinodactyly of the thumbs and various degrees of syndactyly. In the feet the spectrum of malformations included preaxial polydactyly, postaxial polydactyly, different degrees of syndactyly and broad halluces. Syndactyly of the toes and hallux abnormalities were present in all patients. Most frequently, syndactyly was present between toes 1-2-3. The broadening of the hallux was either due to a complete or partial duplication of the first toe or to broadening of the distal phalanx. Mental retardation was found in three cases and was associated with a large chromosomal deletion of the GLI3 region. CONCLUSION: We found the classic hand and foot malformations associated with GCPS in our cohort of patients. Patients with a large chromosomal deletion had mental retardation, but no structural brain anomalies were found.
Authors: Jennifer J Johnston; Isabelle Olivos-Glander; Christina Killoran; Emma Elson; Joyce T Turner; Kathryn F Peters; Margaret H Abbott; David J Aughton; Arthur S Aylsworth; Michael J Bamshad; Carol Booth; Cynthia J Curry; Albert David; Mary Beth Dinulos; David B Flannery; Michelle A Fox; John M Graham; Dorothy K Grange; Alan E Guttmacher; Mark C Hannibal; Wolfram Henn; Raoul C M Hennekam; Lewis B Holmes; H Eugene Hoyme; Kathleen A Leppig; Angela E Lin; Patrick Macleod; David K Manchester; Carlo Marcelis; Laura Mazzanti; Emma McCann; Marie T McDonald; Nancy J Mendelsohn; John B Moeschler; Billur Moghaddam; Giovanni Neri; Ruth Newbury-Ecob; Roberta A Pagon; John A Phillips; Laurie S Sadler; Joan M Stoler; David Tilstra; Catherine M Walsh Vockley; Elaine H Zackai; Touran M Zadeh; Louise Brueton; Graeme Charles M Black; Leslie G Biesecker Journal: Am J Hum Genet Date: 2005-02-28 Impact factor: 11.025
Authors: Laura A Lettice; Simon J H Heaney; Lorna A Purdie; Li Li; Philippe de Beer; Ben A Oostra; Debbie Goode; Greg Elgar; Robert E Hill; Esther de Graaff Journal: Hum Mol Genet Date: 2003-07-15 Impact factor: 6.150
Authors: Jennifer J Johnston; Isabelle Olivos-Glander; Joyce Turner; Kyrieckos Aleck; Lynne M Bird; Lakshmi Mehta; R Neil Schimke; Heidi Heilstedt; J Edward Spence; Jan Blancato; Leslie G Biesecker Journal: Am J Med Genet A Date: 2003-12-15 Impact factor: 2.802
Authors: Philippe Debeer; H Peeters; S Driess; L De Smet; K Freese; G Matthijs; D Bornholdt; K Devriendt; K-H Grzeschik; J-P Fryns; M Kalff-Suske Journal: Am J Med Genet A Date: 2003-07-01 Impact factor: 2.802