Noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) are a global challenge. During the next several decades, NCDs will govern the health care needs of populations in most low- and middle-income countries because of declines in communicable diseases, conditions related to childbirth and nutrition, changes in lifestyle factors (eg, smoking), and population aging (1). We examined the burden of NCDs in the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan. We computed the projected prevalence of diabetes, hypertension, and high blood cholesterol. All of these risk factors are associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) — the leading cause of death in Jordan — and increased health care use.In 2005, Jordan's population was approximately 5.5 million. By 2050, the population is expected to increase to between 8.5 and 14.8 million people. (2) The proportion of older people (aged 60 years or older) is expected to be 15.6% (or approximately 1.8 million people) in 2050, more than 3 times that in 2000 (2).During 2005, NCDs accounted for more than 50% of all deaths in Jordan. Heart disease and stroke (International Statistical Classification of Diseases, 10th Revision, codes I00-I99) accounted for 35% of all deaths; malignant neoplasms (C00-C97) were responsible for 13% of deaths (3). Nearly 60% of deaths from malignant neoplasms occurred among people younger than 65 years, and approximately one-third of those who died from CVD were aged 65 or younger.During 2004, approximately 400,000 (15%) Jordanian adults had diabetes (an increase from 7% in 1996), and an estimated 350,000 (12%) had impaired fasting glucose (4,5). Approximately 15% of adults reported hypertension, and roughly 23% had high blood cholesterol — an increase from 9% in 1996 (4,5).We computed crude estimates of the growing prevalence of NCD risk factors using Jordan's projected population estimates from 2005 through 2050 (2). We analyzed hypertension, high blood cholesterol, and diabetes prevalence estimates collected from a household survey in 2004 (4,5). For each risk factor, population projections were multiplied by the risk factor prevalence estimates (based on self-reported physician-diagnosed disease) to obtain the projected population with diabetes, hypertension, or high blood cholesterol for each time period.The projected population in Jordan from 2005 to 2050 with diabetes, hypertension, or high blood cholesterol is shown in Figures 1 through 3. Four possible scenarios are displayed in each graphic. The first scenario applies the 2004 estimated risk factor prevalence and assumes that this prevalence remains constant. Each of the remaining scenarios starts with the 2004 estimated prevalence and applies a 0.1, 0.25, or 0.5 percentage point annual increase to the projected population estimates. These increments are somewhat arbitrary because they are not based on past experience in Jordan but reflect possible annual increases in prevalence.Projected population with diabetes mellitus in Jordan from 2005 to 2050 according to 4 different projected prevalence variants. Figure generated by the authors using data from the Population Division of the Department of Economic and Social Affairs of the United Nations Secretariat (2) and Zindah et al (5).Projected population with hypertension in Jordan from 2005 to 2050 according to 4 different projected prevalence variants. Figure generated by the authors using data from the Population Division of the Department of Economic and Social Affairs of the United Nations Secretariat (2) and Zindah et al (5).Projected population with high blood cholesterol in Jordan from 2005 to 2050 according to 4 different projected prevalence variants. Figure generated by the authors using data from the Population Division of the Department of Economic and Social Affairs of the United Nations Secretariat (2) and Zindah et al (5).The projected population in Jordan with each risk factor during 2050 ranged from 0.76 to 3.04 million people for diabetes, from 1.50 to 3.78 million for hypertension, and from 0.65 to 2.93 million for high blood cholesterol depending on the 4 possible scenarios noted above. For example, assuming the prevalence of diabetes observed in 2004 remained at 7.5% through 2050, approximately 750,000 people in Jordan would be expected to have diabetes in 2050 (all other things being equal) (Figure 1). If the prevalence of diabetes increased at 0.5 percentage points per year during the period, approximately 3 million people, or 30% of the Jordanian population, would be expected to have diabetes in 2050 (all other things being equal).
Figure 1
Projected population with diabetes mellitus in Jordan from 2005 to 2050 according to 4 different projected prevalence variants. Figure generated by the authors using data from the Population Division of the Department of Economic and Social Affairs of the United Nations Secretariat (2) and Zindah et al (5).
Our crude estimates suggest that approximately 1 to 3 million people in Jordan will have diabetes, hypertension, or high blood cholesterol by 2050 depending on changes in disease prevalence and the growth of the population. There are at least 4 limitations to our study: the initial prevalence is based on self-reported disease status and therefore may underestimate the true prevalence; many people will have multiple risk factors that increase their risk for heart disease and stroke; the annual increments in prevalence were arbitrarily chosen and not based on past experience in Jordan; and we did not take into account differences in age-specific risk factor prevalence over time.Similar risk factor patterns exist across the region. The proportion of all deaths attributable to NCDs in the World Health Organization's Eastern Mediterranean Region is projected to increase from 51% during 2005 to 66% by 2030 (6). Assuming prevalences are similar to that in Jordan, diabetes may affect nearly 10 million people in Egypt, one of the region's largest countries, and 3 million people in Saudi Arabia. Hypertension may affect 18 million Egyptians and 6.5 million people in Saudi Arabia by 2050.Programs to monitor and control risk factors, clinical services, and a robust health care system will be important to successfully improve NCD outcomes and reduce the burden of disease. Reducing the prevalence of NCDs will require a renewed commitment by governmental and nongovernmental institutions, by public health professionals and clinical practitioners, and by communities and individuals to acknowledge the burden of NCDs and the need for timely action. Moreover, stimulating, strengthening, and sustaining regional efforts and programs are necessary to reduce the prevalence of NCDs through coordinated and integrated programs of health promotion and disease prevention. These programs should involve networks for risk factor surveillance, information sharing, capacity building, advocacy, policy development, and collaboration in generating, disseminating, and applying knowledge.
Authors: Randa I Farah; Mohammed Q Al-Sabbagh; Munther S Momani; Asma Albtoosh; Majd Arabiat; Ahmad M Abdulraheem; Husam Aljabiri; Mohammad Abufaraj Journal: BMC Nephrol Date: 2021-06-16 Impact factor: 2.388
Figure 1