Ernest Amankwah1, Emmanuel Ngwakongnwi, Hude Quan. 1. Department of Community Health Sciences, Health Canada, First Nations and Inuit Health, Calgary, Alberta, Canada. ernestam@cancerboard.ab.ca
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: To determine a high-risk group of visible minority women in Canada who do not participate in cervical cancer screening and the reasons why they do not participate. DESIGN: We combined two cycles of a large Canadian health survey, Canadian Community Health Survey (CCHS), to obtain a large sample size of visible minority women. Proportions of 'never having a Papanicalaou (Pap) test' and 'not having a Pap test within the last three years' were then calculated for different ethnic groups using sampling weights advised by Statistics Canada to account for the complex sampling procedure used in CCHS. A logistic regression model was developed to test the association between demographic and health-related variables and not having a Pap test. To identify visible minority women who were at a high risk of not having a Pap test, we stratified these women simultaneously on three variables that were significant in the logistic regression model. RESULTS: Visible minority women were more than twice as likely never to have had a Pap test. Among visible minority women, those who recently immigrated to Canada and did not have a regular physician had the highest risk for not having a Pap test. Common reasons reported for not having a Pap test included believing it was not necessary and simply not getting around to it. CONCLUSION: Visible minority women in Canada may not be participating in regular Pap testing because of cultural beliefs and a lack of an understanding of the importance of Pap testing. A culturally appropriate cervical cancer screening intervention program that involves members of visible minority communities may increase participation of this subgroup of Canadian women. This study provides preliminary information on why visible minority women in Canada do not participate in cervical cancer screening. However, the lumping together of all visible minority may obscure differences between different ethnic groups. Therefore, further research on each ethnic group is required to develop tailored culturally appropriate intervention.
OBJECTIVE: To determine a high-risk group of visible minority women in Canada who do not participate in cervical cancer screening and the reasons why they do not participate. DESIGN: We combined two cycles of a large Canadian health survey, Canadian Community Health Survey (CCHS), to obtain a large sample size of visible minority women. Proportions of 'never having a Papanicalaou (Pap) test' and 'not having a Pap test within the last three years' were then calculated for different ethnic groups using sampling weights advised by Statistics Canada to account for the complex sampling procedure used in CCHS. A logistic regression model was developed to test the association between demographic and health-related variables and not having a Pap test. To identify visible minority women who were at a high risk of not having a Pap test, we stratified these women simultaneously on three variables that were significant in the logistic regression model. RESULTS: Visible minority women were more than twice as likely never to have had a Pap test. Among visible minority women, those who recently immigrated to Canada and did not have a regular physician had the highest risk for not having a Pap test. Common reasons reported for not having a Pap test included believing it was not necessary and simply not getting around to it. CONCLUSION: Visible minority women in Canada may not be participating in regular Pap testing because of cultural beliefs and a lack of an understanding of the importance of Pap testing. A culturally appropriate cervical cancer screening intervention program that involves members of visible minority communities may increase participation of this subgroup of Canadian women. This study provides preliminary information on why visible minority women in Canada do not participate in cervical cancer screening. However, the lumping together of all visible minority may obscure differences between different ethnic groups. Therefore, further research on each ethnic group is required to develop tailored culturally appropriate intervention.
Authors: Alain A Demers; Erich V Kliewer; Olivia Remes; Jay Onysko; Katherine Dinner; Tom Wong; Gayatri C Jayaraman Journal: CMAJ Date: 2012-01-16 Impact factor: 8.262
Authors: Jonathan Simkin; Laurie Smith; Dirk van Niekerk; Hannah Caird; Tania Dearden; Kimberly van der Hoek; Nadine R Caron; Ryan R Woods; Stuart Peacock; Gina Ogilvie Journal: CMAJ Open Date: 2021-04-22