[Clinical trials beyond the German Drug Law. Clinical trials in surgery].

Proof of safety and effectiveness of surgical procedures follows the same scientific principles as for drugs. Control of bias and chance when evaluating new operations has to be considered and should generally be followed using randomized controlled trials (RCT). The expenditure for study design, execution and analysis can be substantial due to specific characteristics of surgical treatments. The largest challenges represent the maintenance of comparable treatment and assessment within and between the study groups of a RCT, such as, blinding of surgeons, learning curves, standardization of procedures, and monitoring interventions to ensure execution according to protocol. This evaluation is made even more difficult due to lack of broadly accepted definitions of surgically relevant endpoints in daily practice and research. Since 2004, new methods and procedures are being tested to demonstrate the feasibility of surgical RCTs through a grant program for surgical clinical trial centers in Germany. In six surgical trial centers, a number of surgical RCTs have been designed and conducted. The first results of high-quality surgical RCTs are described.