Naftidrofuryl for intermittent claudication: meta-analysis based on individual patient data.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the efficacy of naftidrofuryl compared with placebo in treating the symptoms of intermittent claudication.
DESIGN: Meta-analysis based on individual patient data. DATA SOURCES: Medline, International Pharmaceutical Abstracts, Embase, Science Citation Index, and the Cochrane trial registers. Reference lists of retrieved articles were checked. Authors and companies were approached for additional information and individual patient data. INCLUSION CRITERIA: Double blind, randomised controlled trials in patients with intermittent claudication receiving oral naftidrofuryl or placebo and with pain-free walking distance as primary outcome. DATA COLLECTION: Individual patient data were collected from electronic data or from case report forms and checked for integrity. ANALYSIS: All randomised patients were analysed following the intention to treat principle. Efficacy was assessed by the ratio of geometric mean of the relative improvement in pain-free walking distance after use of naftidrofuryl compared with placebo. In the analysis of responders, therapeutic success was defined as an improvement of walking distance at baseline by at least 50%.
RESULTS: In total, 1266 patients were randomised (1083 in the main analysis). The ratio of relative improvement in pain-free walking distance after use of naftidrofuryl compared with placebo was 1.37 (95% confidence interval 1.27 to 1.49). The difference in response rate was 22.3% (95% confidence interval 17.1% to 27.6%) and the number needed to treat for relief of symptoms during six months of treatment was 4.48 (95% confidence interval 3.62 to 5.85).
CONCLUSION: This meta-analysis of individual patient data provides evidence that naftidrofuryl has a clinically meaningful effect compared with placebo in improving walking distance in patients with intermittent claudication.

Introduction

Peripheral arterial occlusive disease, with or without symptoms, occurs in about 12% of adults in the Western world and in over 20% of adults aged over 70.1 2 3 4 5 6 The disease is also prevalent in developing countries.7 8 9

Intermittent claudication, a hallmark of symptomatic peripheral arterial occlusive disease, occurs in about 25% of patients with peripheral arterial disease. The symptoms are leg pain while walking leading to important physical limitations, and reduction in quality of life. Patients with intermittent claudication are at increased risk of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality.1 10 11 12 Prevalence and severity of the disease increase with age and the presence of cardiovascular risk factors, mainly smoking and diabetes.13 14

Treatment for intermittent claudication aims to slow the progression of atherosclerosis, reduce cardiovascular and cerebrovascular morbidity and mortality, relieve symptoms (improvement of walking distance), and improve quality of life.

Secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease is an important part of the treatment plan.15 16 17 18 19 20 Improvement of symptoms can be achieved by supervised exercise,21 smoking cessation,22 23 24 25 26 27 and drug treatment. Along with their cardiovascular protective effect, statins improve the distance walked.17 In a recent Cochrane review based on six randomised controlled trials, cilostazol (100 mg twice daily), a phosphodiesterase inhibitor, was moderately effective at improving walking distance in patients with intermittent claudication compared with placebo.28 For more than 30 years vasoactive drugs have been proposed for use in patients with intermittent claudication to improve walking distance, either the pain-free walking distance or the maximum walking distance. Robust data on the efficacy of most vasoactive drugs have been lacking.29 Although these drugs have been well promoted, their use has been controversial. Several meta-analyses of this drug class were carried out30 31 32 33 and concluded that the effects of vasoactive drugs on the symptoms of intermittent claudication were modest. Since this drug class consists of products with heterogeneous mechanisms of action, differences in clinical efficacy are possible.

In a systematic review based on published aggregated data on vasoactive drugs, naftidrofuryl was singled out as a potential candidate for further research.34 This drug has been marketed since 1968 on the basis of presumed vascular, antiplatelet, and intracellular actions.35 Numerous reviews on naftidrofuryl have been published36 37 38 39 40 41 42 and the drug is mentioned in European and transatlantic guidelines,43 44 but no final judgment on its efficacy has been made by the modern approach of systematic meta-analysis. In the one systematic review on naftidrofuryl, five of six eligible randomised clinical trials showed a significant, albeit modest, effect.34 Owing to heterogeneity45 among the study results, however, the authors refrained from classic meta-analysis of published aggregated data. These methodological problems could be overcome only by a meta-analysis of individual patient data. We carried out a meta-analysis within the framework of the Cochrane Collaboration to assess the feasibility of engaging in head to head trials with cilastazol, or on top of trials with statins.

We used individual patient data to determine the efficacy and safety of oral naftidrofuryl compared with placebo in improving walking distance in patients with intermittent claudication.

Methods

We searched the Cochrane trials registers, Medline (1966 onwards), Embase (1980 onwards), Science Citation Index, and International Pharmaceutical Abstracts for trials of oral naftidrofuryl for the treatment of intermittent claudication, and we hand searched journals and conference proceedings. Relevant bibliographies were checked and we contacted the authors of identified trials and Merck Laboratories, registration holder of naftidrofuryl, for any unpublished data. No language restrictions were applied.

Selection criteria and validity assessment

We selected randomised placebo controlled clinical trials of patients with intermittent claudication who received oral naftidrofuryl 600 mg daily or placebo and that had pain-free walking distance as the primary outcome, defined as the distance walked during a standardised exercise test before the onset of pain. The secondary outcome was the maximum walking distance.

We assessed the selected trials for quality of trial performance and reporting. Internal validity was assessed by checking for appropriateness of the randomisation process, the double blinding process, and the handling of dropouts and withdrawals by intervention group.46

We used three additional disease specific quality criteria: sufficient reporting of variability of results (disregarded when individual patient data were available), minimum sample size of 30 participants, and minimum study duration of three months.47

Extraction of individual patient data

The principal investigators and the marketing authorisation holder of naftidrofuryl (Merck Darmstadt) were contacted for the original individual patient data. Data from secondary databases were checked against the original case report forms. All randomised patients with a case report form or database record were entered in the pooled database (intention to treat principle). We retrieved those patients lost to follow-up or excluded in the published per protocol analyses and included them in the database of individual patient data.

Quantitative data synthesis

The research team agreed a statistical analysis plan conforming to regulatory guidelines.48 Treatment codes were unknown and only provided at the end of the analysis process. The main analysis was based on intention to treat, in which all randomised patients were considered. To enable comparison with the published results, for each trial we identified those patients providing data in the original publication, whether they had completed the study and been compliant with the regimen (per protocol) or had at least one value after baseline (restricted intention to treat).

We carried out an exploratory stepwise regression of final walking distance to determine adjustment for covariables. In this model, baseline walking distance was singled out as the essential mediator of all other baseline variables. Hence the model using individual patient data was adjusted for baseline walking distance only.

For missing data on main end points we attributed the worst case value in patients for whom the trial was interrupted early for reasons related to peripheral arterial occlusive disease (aggravation, admission to hospital, or surgery). In all other randomised patients for whom the trial was interrupted early, we used the last observation carried forward. For the purposes of sensitivity assessment, we carried out an alternative analysis using summary statistics when at least two intermediate post-baseline observations were available.

We checked for missing data on covariables at random and then imputed data using a systematic full information maximum likelihood technique.49 The main end point for each patient was the relative improvement in pain-free walking distance—that is, the final pain-free walking distance divided by the baseline pain-free walking distance. For all participants we used the geometric mean percentage of change from baseline, with 95% confidence intervals. We measured the treatment effect using the ratio of the relative improvement in pain-free walking distance after use of naftidrofuryl compared with placebo. A similar approach was used for the secondary outcome of maximal walking distance, for trials in which this outcome was available.

Effect was also expressed in an analysis of responders—those patients whose pain-free walking distance improved by at least 50% from baseline. We calculated the difference in success rates between naftidrofuryl and placebo, the number needed to treat, the relative benefit, and the odds ratio.

We carried out analyses using one stage and two stage approaches. In the one stage approach the database is considered as one dataset. In the two stage approach the aggregated results of each study are pooled and then analysed.50

In the one stage approach for relative improvement we used the multilevel (patient level and trial level) general linear mixed model allowing analysis of covariance51 by considering random treatment effects and fixed study effects and adjusting for baseline walking distance. In the two stage approach we calculated aggregate estimates of relative improvement for each treatment group within each study, then used a conventional random model of DerSimonian and Laird.52

In the one stage approach for the responder analysis we used the mixed model for binary data53 and for the two stage approach we used the random model of DerSimonian and Laird.52

We set the α level of error for significance of the treatment effect at 0.01. The confidence intervals were presented at the 95% level. We tested stability of the results using all trials, excluding and including debatable trials, by comparing the results of full intention to treat with restricted intention to treat and per protocol analysis and by comparing the last observation carried forward with missing data allocation based on summary statistics.

Safety

We assessed the safety of oral naftidrofuryl by reviewing the reports of adverse drug reactions in the randomised controlled clinical trials, by retrieving published case reports, and by analysing the latest periodic reports on safety from Merck Laboratories.

Results

Of the studies retrieved, 11 randomised controlled trials conformed to the PICO criteria (participants, intervention, comparator, and outcome) and were selected (table 1). Four trials were excluded after quality assessment because of problems with internal validityw1 w2 w4 or absence of both good quality individual patient data and covariables.w1-w4 Two trials had design flaws.w1 w4 Individual patient data were not available for the other two studies.w2 w3 Covariables were completely or partially absent in these four trials.w1-w4 Seven studies were included in the analysis (table 2 and figure).w5-w11

Table 1

 Assessment of trial quality and availability of individual patient data in trials included in meta-analysis of naftidrofuryl compared with placebo for treatment of intermittent claudication

References	Disease specific criteria*				General criteria for internal validity	Individual patient data		Overall quality grade‡
	Sample size	Duration	Variability†			Outcome	Covariables
Excluded studies:
Ruckley et al 1978w1	0	1	2		2	Incomplete	Not available	C
Pohle et al 1979w2	1	1	0		1	Incomplete	Not available	C
Clyne et al 1980w3	0	0	0		1	Incomplete	Not available	C
Karnik et al 1988w4	1	1	2		2	Incomplete	Not available	C
Included studies:
Maass et al 1984w5	0	1	0		1	Available	Available	B
Adhoute et al 1990w6	0	0	0		1	Available	Available	B
Kriessman and Neiss 1988w7	0	1	0		1	Available	Available	B
Adhoute et al 1990w8	0	0	0		1	Available	Available	B
Moody et al 1994w9	0	0	2		2	Available	Available	B
Boccalon et al 2001w10	0	0	1		0	Available	Available	B
Kieffer et al 2001w11	0	0	1		0	Available	Available	B

*Flaws: 0, none; 1, minor; 2, major.

†Risk of bias: grade A, no or low risk; grade B, moderate risk; and grade C, high risk.

‡No or incomplete reporting of variability is a major flaw but was disregarded in evaluation when individual patient data were available.

Table 2

 Sample size, duration of trials, dosages of naftidrofuryl or placebo, and aspirin use in studies included in meta-analysis on efficacy of naftidrofuryl compared with placebo for treatment of intermittent claudication

Studies	Sample size		Duration (months)	Drug dosage (naftidrofuryl or placebo)	No (%) using aspirin
	Individual patient data*	Per protocol
Maass et alw5	142	104	3	200 mg three times daily	94 (66)
Adhoute et alw6	146	118	6	200 mg three times daily	88 (60)
Kriessman and Neissw7	235	136	3	316.5 mg twice daily	31 (78)†
Adhoute et alw8	182	94	6	316.5 mg twice daily	109 (60)
Moody et alw9	183	170	6	316.5 mg twice daily	115 (63)
Boccalon et alw10	182	122	12	200 mg three times daily	117 (65)
Kieffer et alw11	196	152	8	200 mg three times daily	127 (65)
Allw5-w11	1266	896	6.3	—	681 (64)

*Intention to treat.

†Accurate data were available for 1071 patients; study by Kriessmann and Neissw7 had reliable data on aspirin use in only 40 patients (data were missing for 195 patients).

Flow of papers through trial. *Patients with intermittent claudication (Fontaine stage II), intervention oral naftidrofuryl, comparator oral placebo, and outcome walking distance measured by standardised test

In a previous meta-analysis based on published aggregate data34 one studyw9 was excluded because it showed no data on variability of the results. That problem was solved here by using individual patient data. The study also had poor internal validity, and over 70% of the patients had a baseline pain-free walking distance of less than 100 m. Therefore the study was classified as supportive, disregarded in the main analysis of individual patient data, but considered in a sensitivity analysis.

Another studyw10 was of good quality, except that the variability of the results was not well reported, which again could be corrected by using individual patient data. That study, however, used a non-conventional method for measuring walking distance (peripheral arterial disease holter control or PADHOC). This method is claimed to represent a more physiological walking distance but results in higher baseline and final values for walking distance. The trial was included but the data were expressed as relative improvement and not in absolute terms (metres gained). In addition, the impact of this trial was evaluated in the sensitivity analysis.

The integrity of the data collected from secondary databases was randomly checked against the original case report forms (www.sqconline.com/mil-std-105.html), providing an estimate of at least 99% for data reliability. Those patients who contributed to the original published analyses were identified from the database by using the individual patient data (restricted intention to treatw9-w11 and per protocolw5-w8). These data enabled confirmation of the concordance between the results of this subset in our database and the published results.

Sixty five patients had only one baseline value for pain-free walking distance, 189 for whom the trial was interrupted had at least one value for walking distance, and 1012 completed the trial and had data at each follow-up. However, in keeping with a full intention to treat analysis all patients lost to follow-up were included. A last observed carried forward strategy was used, and sensitivity analysis was carried out by comparing with results based on two other missing data allocation techniques (summary statistics and mixed model analysis).

Overall, 7.8% of covariables were found to be missing at random and were allocated by a full information maximum likelihood procedure. Data were missing for smoking (n=11), systolic blood pressure (n=10), diabetes (n=15), hyperlipidaemia (n=12), exercise or sedentary lifestyle (n=9), angina pectoris (n=11), height (n=2), and weight (n=1). Missing data were uniformly distributed across all variables and cases and were considered as missing at random check.

Publication bias

Formal checks for publication bias were problematic because of the small variation in sample size of the studies, ranging from 142 to 235. In statistical terms publication bias would need to be interpreted by the square root of the sample size (11.9, 15.3), which is a small range. Hence, funnel plots based on detection of a positive monotonic relation between efficacy and sample size are of limited relevance.

No traces to unpublished studies were found, despite a search of trial registers and the reference lists of relevant articles (snowballing).

Study characteristics

In total, 1266 patients (626 placebo, 640 naftidrofuryl) from seven studies constituted the individual patient data in the database: Maass et al (n=142),w5 Adhoute et al (146)w6 Kriessman and Neiss (235),w7 Adhoute et al (182),w8 Moody et al (183),w9 Boccalon et al (182),w10 and Kieffer et al (196).w11 Table 3 summarises the characteristics of the sample.

Table 3

 Samples’ characteristics by trial arm of studies on efficacy of naftidrofuryl compared with placebo for treatment of intermittent claudication. Values are numbers (percentages) of patients unless specified otherwise

Variables	Overall (n=1266)	Naftidrofuryl (n=640)	Placebo (n=626)
Mean (SD) age (years)	62.41 (9.48)	62.45 (9.39)	62.36 (9.58)
Mean (SD) body mass index	24.92 (3.26)	24.93 (3.57)	24.92 (2.91)
Mean (SD) systolic blood pressure (mm Hg)	148.96 (20.92)	148.63 (20.67)	149.3 (21.18)
Mean (SD) ankle brachial index	0.65 (0.17)	0.64 (0.17)	0.64 (0.17)
Mean (SD) duration of peripheral arterial disease (years)	3.35 (3.41)	3.42 (3.52)	3.29 (3.3)
Geometric mean (95% CI) walking distance (m)	140.44 (135.00 to 146.11)	140.62 (133.07 to 148.61)	140.26 (132.52 to 148.45)
Women	222 (17.5)	121 (18.9)	101 (16.1)
Obesity	592 (46.8)	295 (46.1)	297 (47.4)
Current smoker	630 (49.8)	331 (51.7)	299 (47.8)
Hypertension	710 (56.1)	372 (58.1)	338 (54)
Type 2 diabetes	170 (13.4)	96 (15)	74 (11.8)
Hyperlipidaemia	486 (38.4)	242 (37.8)	244 (39)
Sedentary	541 (42.7)	278 (43.4)	262 (41.9)
Angina	142 (11.2)	82 (12.8)	60 (9.6)

The mean age of the patients was 62.41 years and the body mass index was 24.92. They had mildly increased systolic blood pressures (148.96 mm Hg) and as expected they had a decreased ankle brachial index, of 0.65. Just over one sixth of the patients were women. About 50% were smokers, 56% had hypertension, 13% had diabetes, 38% had hyperlipidaemia, 43% had a sedentary lifestyle, and 11% had angina.

There was heterogeneity between studies but the two treatment arms were well matched for baseline walking distance (geometric mean 140.62 m for naftidrofuryl v 140.26 m for placebo) and for covariables within each study as well as in the full set. Stepwise linear regression of the final walking distance as a dependent variable revealed that baseline walking distance was the key predictor (R2=0.479), not the covariables.

In total, 896 patients (71%) had data available for the final assessment, 305 (24%) had at least one assessment after baseline, and 65 (5%) had no outcome data, only a randomisation code.

Analysis

The main analysis was carried out on an intention to treat basis on all patients in the six trials (1083 patients). One study, by Moody et al,w9 was excluded.

In the one stage approach the relative improvement in pain-free walking distance after use of naftidrofuryl compared with placebo was 1.37 (95% confidence interval 1.27 to 1.49; P<0.001). The analysis of responders (table 4) showed that 30.2% responded to placebo and 54.7% to naftidrofuryl. The absolute difference in response rate was 22.3% (17.1% to 27.6%). The number needed to treat was 4.48 (95% confidence interval 3.62 to 5.85).

Table 4

 Efficacy estimates in main analysis (n=1083) of meta-analysis using individual patient data on efficacy of naftidrofuryl compared with placebo for treatment of intermittent claudication

Relative improvement analysis	One stage approach	Two stage approach
Ratio of relative improvement in pain-free walking distance (95% CI)*	1.37 (1.27 to 1.49)	1.38 (1.24 to 1.56)
Ratio of relative improvement in maximal walking distance (95% CI)†	1.40 (1.19 to 1.63)	1.38 (1.18 to 1.61)
Responder analysis:
Absolute difference in response rates (95% CI)	22.3 (17.1 to 27.6)	24.8 (12.2 to 37.4)
Number needed to treat (95% CI)	4.48 (3.62 to 5.85)	4.03 (2.51 to 8.19)
Relative benefit (95% CI)	1.75 (1.50 to 2.03)	1.84 (1.36 to 2.45)
Odds ratio (95% CI)	2.65 (2.10 to 3.37)	2.90 (1.70 to 4.94)

*Ratio of final pain-free walking distance over baseline pain-free walking distance after use of naftidrofuryl compared with placebo.

†Ratio of final maximal walking distance over baseline maximal walking distance after use of naftidrofuryl compared with placebo.

In the analysis of the secondary outcome, maximum walking distance was not measured in all studies, and only in a subset of patients in some (n=968, six studies). The relative improvement in maximum walking distance was 1.40 (95% confidence interval 1.19 to 1.63), and the absolute difference in response rates was 23.9% (15.7% to 32.1%).

The estimates for treatment effect using the one stage approach were more conservative than those using the two stage approach, but more precise (tighter confidence intervals, table 4).

In the two stage approach the heterogeneity between studies was significant (P=0.001). Baseline handicap did not, however, significantly affect the difference in relative improvement (mixed model, P>0.05), which remained constant for both treatment arms except for the larger initial walking distance, where the placebo effect seemed to decrease. Heterogeneity45 was taken into account in the one stage approach by multilevel techniques and in the two stage approach by the random model of DerSimonian and Laird.

In the sensitivity analysis (table 5) the addition of the study by Moody et alw9 resulted in a relative improvement after use of naftidrofuryl compared with placebo of 1.37 (95% confidence interval 1.28 to 1.48). When the study by Boccalon et alw10 was eliminated the ratio was 1.31 (1.24 to 1.39). For the per protocol sample (n=726) the value was 1.42 (1.22 to 1.65). The ratio for the last observation carried forward compared with the summary statistics was 1.37 (1.28 to 1.48) for naftidrofuryl compared with 1.52 (1.44 to 1.62) for placebo. These results all remained statistically significant.

Table 5

 Sensitivity analysis (one stage approach) using individual patient data on efficacy of naftidrofuryl compared with placebo for treatment of intermittent claudication

Analysis	Sample size	Mean relative improvement* (95% CI)
Main analysis (all studies minus Moody et alw9)	1083	1.37 (1.27 to 1.48)
Sensitivity analysis:
All studiesw5-w11	1266	1.37 (1.28 to 1.48)
All studies minus Boccalon et alw10	1084	1.31 (1.24 to 1.39)
All studies minus Moody et alw9 and Boccalon et alw10	901	1.32 (1.24 to 1.40)
Per protocol	726	1.42 (1.22 to 1.65)

*Relative improvement in pain-free walking distance after use of naftidrofuryl compared with placebo.

A sensitivity analysis on the impact of the four excluded trials,w1-w4 based on effect sizes, indicated that their inclusion would have a neutral to inflating effect on the results, without changing the direction of the conclusions.

No serious drug related events or fatalities were reported in the reports of the clinical trials. The few published case reports on adverse effects of oral naftidrofuryl pertain to liver injury,54 55 56 calcium oxalate crystalluria with evolution to lithiasis,57 58 and severe rhythm and conduction abnormalities due to massive poisoning.59 A larger number of published cases of severe events relate to the historical parenteral use of naftidrofuryl.

In the latest safety update from Merck Laboratories, the maximum incidence at 95% confidence of drug related adverse events with oral naftidrofuryl was 0.89 per 100 000 patient treatment years. These events essentially consisted of gastric disorders, with an absolute difference in risk of 2.85% (0.78% to 4.91%) compared with placebo and relative risk of 1.75 (1.25 to 2.45). No other specific organ disorder was of clinically relevant incidence. A limited number of neurological, cardiovascular, and skin adverse reactions were reported, but their incidence was no different than with placebo.

Discussion

In patients with intermittent claudication behavioural and pharmacological measures to modify the cardiovascular risk profile are of prime importance. Symptomatic treatment by improving the walking distance can have a clinically relevant impact on functional capability and quality of life. This can be achieved by behavioural measures (exercise and smoking cessation) as well as drug treatment.

Evidence on the efficacy of drugs to achieve relief of symptoms in intermittent claudication is available for statins and cilostazol. This review using individual patient data provides statistical evidence that naftidrofuryl, picked out of the controversial class of vasoactive drugs, has a moderate clinically meaningful effect by improving walking distance in patients with intermittent claudication. Patients in the naftidrofuryl group walked 37% further than patients in the placebo group. The number of patients responding to naftidrofuryl (improvement by more than 50%) was 22% higher than the number responding to placebo. Once superiority over placebo is proved, the way is open for head to head trials with active drugs for symptomatic treatment of intermittent claudication.

Quality of life measures may add robustness to the efficacy data.60 61 The tolerance and safety profiles of oral naftidrofuryl are acceptable. The current market price for naftidrofuryl at a dosage of 200 mg three times daily is €1 (£0.90; $1.26).

The use of oral naftidrofuryl to treat intermittent claudication could be recommended in patients who still have symptoms after maximal secondary prevention measures, including exercise therapy (if feasible), or after revascularisation (if indicated), with re-evaluation after three to six months. Within the indication of symptomatic treatment, its use should be evaluated against cilostazol and statins.

The authors believe that the results of this meta-analysis on the efficacy of naftidrofuryl using individual patient data can be trusted. Access to the data, however, depended on the goodwill of Merck Darmstadt, the marketing authorisation holder. We found references and full text of identified studies in the medical literature, but for individual patient data we had to rely on the permission of Merck Laboratories, as data were not readily available from the principal investigators. The company, who funded most of the studies in this review, provided the data without preliminary conditions. The meta-analysis was funded by our university and not by Merck Laboratories, as directed by the Cochrane Collaboration. The data were critically verified and analysed. Despite checks on the integrity of the data some uncertainty remains about the authenticity of the original data, as some studies date from before the period when rigorous checks for good clinical practice were implemented. However our comparison of the per protocol and restricted intention to treat data in our database with the published results were reassuring.

In this study we exploited several advantages of using individual patient data: standardisation of outcome choice (pain-free walking distance), standardisation of expressing the outcome (geometric mean of relative improvement) across all studies, application of powerful analytical methods taking into account heterogeneity, and full intention to treat analysis.

We found that it is difficult but not impossible to collect data from randomised clinical trials and individual patients, even for older products with studies done decades ago. For newly developed medicines, however, shared ownership or unrestricted access to individual patient data from drug related randomised controlled trials should be possible for the principal investigators of the trials, legal statistical supervisors, regulatory authorities, and researchers producing evidence based summaries of existing knowledge, with due consideration of patient privacy.

Exercise training and statins have proved beneficial in the symptomatic treatment of intermittent claudication

The use of vasoactive drugs has always been controversial because of poor and unconfirmed evidence of clinical efficacy

Naftidrofuryl is moderately effective at improving walking distance in patients with intermittent claudication

Head to head trials with cilostazol and on top of trials with statins can now be done with assessment of ratio of benefit to risk, quality of life, and cost effectiveness

Older products should undergo a thorough review of their ratio of benefit to risk