Molecular mechanisms of photodynamic therapy.

Despite its more than 100-year history in experimental and clinical use, photodynamic therapy (PDT) is only starting to be appreciated for its full potential. PDT combines a photosensitizer (PS) and light in the presence of oxygen to treat cancer and other disorders. This manuscript reviews molecular mechanisms that have been evaluated over the past years for the effects of PDT at the cellular level as well as in therapeutic settings in vivo. The availability of multiple PS with different structures and functional properties makes PDT an extremely versatile and, conversely, a challenging approach to cancer therapy. The advancing understanding of molecular pathways helps to design improved regimens. As most cancers are being treated with combination therapies, PDT is being integrated into rationally designed combined regimens that exploit molecular responses to PDT for improved efficacy.