Evolution of the chloroplast trnL-trnF region in the gymnosperm lineages Taxaceae and Cephalotaxaceae.

The trnL-trnF region is located in the large single-copy region of the chloroplast genome. It consists of the trnL gene, a group I intron, and the trnL-F intergenic spacer. We analyzed the evolution of the region in three gymnosperm families, Taxaceae, Cephalotaxaceae, and Podocarpaceae, with especially dense sampling in Taxaceae and Cephalotaxaceae, for which we sequenced 43 accessions, representing all species. The trnL intron has a conserved secondary structure and contains elements that are homologous across land plants, and the spacer is highly variable in length and composition. The spatial distribution of nucleotide diversity along the trnL-F region suggests that different portions of this region have different evolutionary patterns. Tandem repeats that form stem-loop structures were detected in both the trnL intron and the trnL-F spacer, and the spacer sequences contain promoter elements for the trnF gene. The presence of promoters and stem-loop structures in the trnL-F spacer and high sequence variation in this region suggest that trnL and trnF are independently transcribed. Stem-loop regions P6, P8, and P9 of the trnL intron and the trnL-F spacer (except the promoter elements) might undergo neutral evolution with respect to their escape from functional constraints.