Positive selection drives the evolution of bat bitter taste receptor genes.

Bitter taste reception is expected to be associated with dietary selection and to prevent animals from ingesting potentially harmful compounds. To investigate the genetic basis of bitter taste reception, we reconfirmed the bitter taste receptor (T2R) genes from cow (herbivore) and dog (carnivore) genome sequences and identified the T2R repertoire from the draft genome of the bat (insectivore) for the first time using an automatic data-mining method. We detected 28 bitter receptor genes from the bat genome, including 9 intact genes, 8 partial but putative functional genes, and 9 pseudogenes. In the phylogenetic analysis, most of the T2R genes from the three species intermingle across the tree, suggesting that some are conserved among mammals with different dietary preferences. Furthermore, one clade of bat-specific genes was detected, possibly implying that the insectivorous mammal could recognize some species-specific bitter tastants. Evolutionary analysis shows strong positive selection was imposed on this bat-specific cluster, indicating that positive selection drives the functional divergence and specialization of the bat bitter taste receptors to adapt diets to the external environment.