Does hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis hypofunction in chronic fatigue syndrome reflect a 'crash' in the stress system?

The etiopathogenesis of chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) remains poorly understood. Although neuroendocrine disturbances - and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis hypofunction in particular - have been found in a large proportion of CFS patients, it is not clear whether these disturbances are cause or consequence of the illness. After a review of the available evidence we hypothesize that that HPA axis hypofunction in CFS, conceptualized within a system-biological perspective, primarily reflects a fundamental and persistent dysregulation of the neurobiological stress system. As a result, a disturbed balance between glucocorticoid and inflammatory signaling pathways may give rise to a pathological cytokine-induced sickness response that may be the final common pathway underlying central CFS symptoms, i.e. effort/stress intolerance and pain hypersensitivity. This comprehensive hypothesis on HPA axis hypofunction in CFS may stimulate diagnostic refinement of the illness, inform treatment approaches and suggest directions for future research, particularly focusing on the neuroendocrine-immune interface and possible links between CFS, early and recent life stress, and depression.