Lipopolysaccharides enhance the action of bradykinin in enteric neurons via secretion of interleukin-1beta from enteric glial cells.

Functional changes of the enteric nervous system have been observed under inflammatory states of inflammatory bowel disease increasing the endotoxin level. The aim of the present study was to determine the effect of lipopolysaccharides (LPS) on myenteric neuron-glia interaction in vitro. We examined the increase of the intracellular Ca(2+) concentration ([Ca(2+)](i)) and the release of interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta) or prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)) and COX-2 expression in myenteric plexus cells from the rat intestine induced by LPS. LPS potentiated BK-induced [Ca(2+)](i) increases in both myenteric neurons and enteric glial cells, which were suppressed by a B1R antagonist. Only in enteric glial cells, a B1R agonist increased [Ca(2+)](i). The effects of LPS were blocked by pretreatment with an interleukin-1 receptor antagonist or by reducing the density of enteric glial cells in culture. LPS prompted the release of IL-1beta from enteric glial cells. The augmenting effects of IL-1beta on the BK-induced neural [Ca(2+)](i) increase and PGE(2) release from enteric glial cells were abolished by a phospholipase A(2) (PLA(2)) inhibitor and a COX inhibitor, and partly suppressed by a COX-2 inhibitor. IL-1beta up-regulated the COX-2 expression in enteric glial cells. LPS promotes IL-1beta secretion from enteric glial cells, resulting in augmentation of the neural response to BK through PGE(2) release via glial PLA(2) and COX-2. The alteration of the regulatory effect of glial cells may be the cause of the changes in neural function in the enteric nervous system in inflammatory bowel disease. (c) 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc.