Similarity, typicality, and category-level matching of morphed outlines of everyday objects.

During visual object categorisation, a match must be found between the input image and stored information about basic-level categories. Graf [2002 Form, Space and Object (Berlin: Wissenschaftlicher Verlag Berlin)] suggested the involvement of analogue transformational, shape-changing processes in aligning the memory representation of the category with the perceptual representation of the current stimulus. Here we compare the predictions of alignment models with those of exemplar-based models, using morphing between four exemplar outlines within each of eleven categories. Overall, with increasing transformational distance between two exemplars of the same category, reaction times to decide whether they belong to the same category in a sequential matching paradigm increased, while rated similarity between the two exemplars decreased. However, in contrast to alignment accounts, exemplar-based accounts can correctly predict the observed dissociation between typicality and categorisation time, and allow the observed deviations from sequential additivity and nonlinear relations between transformational distance and rated similarity. Discussion of integrations of exemplar-based theories with neglected processes, such as information accumulation, response competition, response priming, and gain-modulation leads to a view of the recognition process from input to response, which increases the validity and scope of modern exemplar-based categorisation and recognition models.