Remarks on various applications of microwave energy.

Microwave energy is an alternative energy source that is receiving a considerable amount of attention from researchers for a wide spectrum of applications. The fundamentally different method of transferring energy from the source to the sample is the main benefit of utilizing microwave energy; by directly delivering energy to microwave-absorbing materials, conventional issues such as long heating periods, thermal gradients, and energy lost to the system environment can be minimized or avoided. Furthermore, the penetrating capacity of microwave allows volumetric heating of samples. These attributes of microwave energy make utilizing it very attractive for industrial applications as an alternative to conventional processing methods. The reality is otherwise however, and limited literature is found in any given area of work. Despite the lack of focus, in most published cases, the utilization of microwave energy has produced improved results compared to conventional methods with reduced heating times or reaction temperatures. This review provides a general overview of reported applications of microwave energy in the open literature. It also attempts to summarize the results obtained for various common uses and highlights some applications that have not gathered as much attention as anticipated.