Reduction and immobilization of hexavalent chromium with coal- and humate-based sorbents.

Two kinds of the commercially available sorbents containing humic acids as active constituents were used for Cr(VI) reduction and removal, namely oxihumolite (naturally occurring weathered young brown coal) and iron humate (IH) (waste material produced during industrial manufacturing of humic substances). The mechanisms of the chromium removal involve the reduction of Cr(VI) (by humic substances or by Fe(II) ions) and subsequent binding of Cr(III) to a humic acid matrix. Other metal-binding mechanisms possibly effective in the process of Cr(VI) removal, e.g., coprecipitation or surface precipitation of Fe(III)/Cr(III) hydroxides, are also discussed. Oxihumolite was able to remove Cr(VI) from strongly acidic solutions with pH below ca. 2. IH, on the other hand, exhibited a maximum sorption capability in slightly acidic solutions with pH above ca. 3. Over the whole examined range (pH 1-5), however, IH was able to reduce Cr(VI) almost completely to its less toxic trivalent state. A sufficiently high sorption capacity (20 mg g(-1)) was found for chromium removal with IH in an unbuffered system, where the "natural" pH values governed by the buffering capacity of the sorbent itself ranged from 3.9 to 4.6. It follows from extraction studies with the loaded (spent) sorbents that chromium is bound strongly to the sorbent, and thus risks of its subsequent liberation into the environment are minimized. Similarity in the extraction behavior of the Cr(III)-loaded and Cr(VI)-loaded sorbents supported the above-mentioned mechanisms of the Cr(VI) removal.