Structural and sequence elements important for recognition of Escherichia coli formylmethionine tRNA by methionyl-tRNA transformylase are clustered in the acceptor stem.

We show that the structure and/or sequence of the first three base pairs at the end of the amino acid acceptor stem of Escherichia coli initiator tRNA and the discriminator base 73 are important for its formylation by E. coli methionyl-tRNA transformylase. This conclusion is based on mutagenesis of the E. coli initiator tRNA gene followed by measurement of kinetic parameters for formylation of the mutant tRNAs in vitro and function in protein synthesis in vivo. The first base pair found at the end of the amino acid acceptor stem in all other tRNAs is replaced by a C.A. "mismatch" in E. coli initiator tRNA. Mutation of this C.A. to U:A, a weak base pair, or U.G., a mismatch, has little effect on formylation, whereas mutation to C:G, a strong base pair, has a dramatic effect lowering Vmax/Kappm by 495-fold. Mutation of the second basepair G2:C71 to U2:A71 lowers Vmax/Kappm by 236-fold. Replacement of the third base-pair C3:G70 by U3:A70, A3:U70, or G3:C70 lowers Vmax/Kappm by about 67-, 27-, and 30-fold, respectively. Changes in the rest of the acceptor stem, dihydrouridine stem, anticodon stem, anticodon sequence, and T psi C stem have little or no effect on formylation.